• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.67-71
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• 2008

Blast Furnace slag a pigiron waste that is produced more than 800 thousand tons per year, and micronized double quenching blast furnace slag improves flexibility of concrete, and even shows improvement effect of long-term intensity. However, the concrete that used micronized double quenching blast furnace slag is restricted in its use because of many problems to assure early intensity. Even micronized blast furnace slag can assure its early intensity of concrete when maximizing, and is considered that can be applied in high strength of blast furnace slag as an alternation material for Silica-fume that depends on overall import. Hereby this paper is revised activity index and fluidity of mortar that used Nano Slag that is produced by rotten Nano crush equipment to propose its size, and possible utility of Nano Slag that was produced by blast furnace slag made in Korea as an alternation material, with the conclusion as following. 1. To measure micronized Nano slag, it is judged that it should be in progress with BET method that is based on micronized Silica-fume for concrete. 2. As a result, the test based on KS L ISO 679 is shown to satisfy the basic additive size of KS F 2563 and of KS F 2567, and to determine new combination of stipulations. 3. The strength development of Nano Slag was shown excellent in the daily initial installment of 1, 3, 7 days against the basic additive. This is judged that contains CaO controlling initial strength against Silica-fume, and contributes to higher fineness than the basic blast furnace slag 1 type.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.394-394
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• 2023

The world's sustainable growth is being severely hampered by the inefficient use of water resources. Despite the widely acknowledged importance of trade in global and regional water and food security, societal reliance on local production as well as international trade remains inadequately assessed. Therefore, using South Korea as a case study, this study fills in this research gap by applying the virtual water concept, the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method, and the Tapio decoupling model. The virtual water concept was used to estimate South Korea's net virtual water trade for major grain crops from 1992 to 2017. Then, the LMDI method was utilized to assess the driving factors causing changes in net virtual water trade. Lastly, the Tapio decoupling model was used to investigate the decoupling relationships between economic growth and the driving factors of net virtual water trade. Results showed that South Korea remains a net importer of virtual water flows with respect to grain crops, with an average import of 16,559.24 million m³ over the study period. In addition, the change in net virtual water trade could be attributed to water intensity effect, product structure effect, economic effect, and population effect. However, water intensity and economic effects were the major decisive factors for decrease and increase in net virtual water trade respectively, while the population and product structure effects had minor positive influences on the net virtual water trade. Furthermore, water intensity and economic growth showed a strong decoupling in most periods, while the decoupling state between product structure and economic growth was observed as expansive negative decoupling. Likewise, population size and economic growth showed a weak decoupling in most periods. The results reveal South Korea's status as it concerns the virtual water trade of grain crops, thus providing valuable insights into the sustainability of trade activities for the management of local water resources.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 2008

Approaching to the era of high energy price and energy sources scarcity, the demand for governmental intervention to mitigate the short-term shocks is highly increasing. When any energy policy is implemented, double-side effects would be derived. To begin with positive aspect, by decreasing energy import, unnecessary currency outflow can be prevented and the resultant saved money will be appropriately allocated. Furthermore, industrial competitiveness will be assured by reducing use of expensive energy. On the contrary, inappropriate energy saving policy may lead to unexpected negative effects that would hinder improvement in productivity due to indiscreet replacing energy by equipments. In order to enhance effectiveness of energy policy, efforts should be made in advance to understand the energy use pattern of each industry sector which composes the economy. Therefore, in this study, an energy input-output method, one of the macroscopic approaches, is applied to analyze energy use patterns of each industry sector in Korea. Using this method, a quantitative assessment is performed to obtain the energy use intensity and the amount of energy uses with respect to energy types.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-190
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to perform empirical studies on the impact of pollution intensity on international competitiveness using 1993 and 1998 data, and to estimate the change in environmental regulation level faced by the firms during 1993~1998. Collecting relevant data and providing them for further studies in the area are another purposes of the paper. The first method is the regression of various indices of international competitiveness on factor costs, such as labor, capital, R&D and pollution abatement costs. Goal of the regression analysis is to estimate the scarcity and comparative advantage effect of each production factor, especially environmental resource. Regression results show that those industries which employ more environmental resource have higher comparative advantage in both years, which implies that Korean firms are endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. The second method is to compute the relative scarcity indices(HOVL indices) of production factors, proposed by Leamer based on Vanek's generalized Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem. This method estimates the relative scarcity of production factors by computing factor costs embodied in import and export of commodities. This method shows similar results as the regression method; i.e., trade pattern of production factors implies that the manufacturing sector in Korea is endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Considering population density, water resource endowment, intensity of economic activity per unit area and current air and water pollution levels, it is evident that Korea is never endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Then the abundance of environmental resource revealed by the trade patterns of commodities and production factors implies that Korea's environmental regulation level is excessively generous compared to environmental capacity, and that this increased the environmental resource endowment supplied to firms and thus distorted the inter-industry comparative advantages. Both regression and HOVL methods, on the other hand, show that overall environmental regulation level faced by the firms has been strengthened during 1993~1998.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.35-43
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• 2014

Purpose - This study evaluates the mutual influential power regarding the trade volumes of Japan and USA, based on a literature review and an empirical analysis. Through the literature review, I could evaluate each country's actual import-export volume and its status. Further, I could evaluate how each country could influence its trade outcome, through empirical analysis. Research design, data, and methodology - This study aims to review the trade structure to improve Japan-USA economic and social cooperation, as the two countries have reciprocal complementary features, and to examine trade weaknesses and analyze factors influencing trade and its direction, as well as to identify ways to expand trade. Results - The intra-economic potential cooperation fields are numerous. Additionally, anticipated profits from these fields are stable as compared to other fields in the regional economic integration. Conclusion - The interrelations between the two economic identities can provide optimal opportunities for industrial technology cooperation. Under the current aggravated competition in industrial fields, it is advisable to identify ways to secure stable resource suppliers, including the development of export markets.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.333-347
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• 2009

Due to structural complicacy, structural health monitoring for civil engineering needs more accurate and effectual methods of damage identification. This study aims to import multi-source information fusion (MSIF) into structural damage diagnosis to improve the validity of damage detection. Firstly, the essential theory and applied mathematic methods of MSIF are introduced. And then, the structural damage identification method based on multi-mode information fusion is put forward. Later, on the basis of a numerical simulation of a concrete continuous box beam bridge, it is obviously indicated that the improved modal strain energy method based on multi-mode information fusion has nicer sensitivity to structural initial damage and favorable robusticity to noise. Compared with the classical modal strain energy method, this damage identification method needs much less modal information to detect structural initial damage. When the noise intensity is less than or equal to 10%, this method can identify structural initial damage well and truly. In a word, this structural damage identification method based on multi-mode information fusion has better effects of structural damage identification and good practicability to actual structures.

• 사회경제평론
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.39-69
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• 2018

We measured industrial labor income shares and investigated their determinants. Excluding industries where non-wage earners are not countable, we constructed 22 industry labor income shares from 1993 to 2015. Even though labor income shares in manufacturing industries declined more than in service industries, the economy-wide decline was not driven by structural changes but by within-industry effects. We found that rise in capital-labor ratio, R&D intensity, export dependence, and irregular job ratio contributed to the fall in labor income shares. When we examined manufacturing industries separately, overall results were about the same. But in that case we had additional findings that the rise in import dependence and outsourcing ratio lowered labor's shares, while minimum wage increases raised them.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

Purpose - This research undertakes to understand the trade structures of both China and Japan to strengthen Sino-Japan economic cooperation and examines impediments to trade between the 2 countries to analyze causes which affect trade and to examine improvements in these areas to find out ways of trade expansion. Through this survey of a defined period of time, we can identify the structural factors of trade dependence in the relationship between China and Japan. Research design, data, methodology - The data were collected from Korea Traders Association, Korea Customs Office and UN Comtrade, from which whole table indexes are calculated by author. This research methodology uses trade related indexes to focus on analyzing comparative advantages based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000~2012), by using the analysis index of Trade Intensity Index (TII), Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and Trade Specialization Index (TSI). Results - The export ratio for China against Japan was a little higher in 2000 at 2.867 and the export ratio for China against Japan was sustained in 2005. However, it diminished gradually and reached 1.263 in 2012. During the whole period of 2000~2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. Especially, in 2012 it is the closest it has been to -1. Therefore, Japan has a comparative advantage toward export specialization. On the other hand, China has a comparative advantage toward import specialization. For the whole research period, all indexes were much smaller than 1, which means that China has comprehensively had a comparative disadvantage against Japan for the past 10 years when compared to other industries, even though it had improved in 2000. Conclusions - The summary of conclusions based on empirical analysis research are as follows: First, per the Trade Intensity Index of industries between the 2 countries, we can conclude that export ratio index is 2.867, based on the formula, in 2000, which means the export ratio of China against Japan is a little bit higher. Furthermore, the ratios of 2.259 and 1.263 are indicated in 2005 and 2012 respectively which mean the export ratio of China against Japan was maintained in 2005 but was diminishing gradually as the index is 1.263 in 2012. Second, per the Trade Specialization Index of the shipping industry between China and Japan, -0.379 is indicated in 2000, -0.368 in 2005 and -0.568 in 2012. Looking at the whole period of 2000~2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. Especially, in 2012 it is the closest it has been to -1. Third, per the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of the automobile industry between China and Japan, the RCA indexes in 2005 and 2012 are 0.246 and 0.306 respectively which are still far from 1 even though the index is improved compared to 2000's value of 0.0001. Therefore, the Chinese automobile industry is very much at a comparative disadvantage to that of the Japanese automobile industry.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Purpose - This research undertakes to understand the competitiveness of the steel distribution industry of both Korea and China to strengthen Korea-Sino economic cooperation, examines impediments to trade between the two countries to analyze causes which affect trade, and examines improvements in these areas to identify means of trade expansion. Through this survey of a defined period, we can identify the structural factors of trade dependence in the relationship between Korea and China. Research design, data, and methodology - The data were collected from the Korea Traders Association, the Korea Customs Office, and UN Comtrade, from which whole table indexes are calculated. The research methodology uses trade-related indexes to focus on analyzing comparative advantages based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000-2012) by using the analysis index of trade intensity index (TII), the revealed comparative advantage index (RCA), and the trade specialization index (TSI). Results - The export ratio for Korea to China was slightly higher in 2000 at 2.867, and the export ratio for Korea to China was sustained in 2005. However, it diminished gradually, reaching 1.263 in 2012. During the period 2000-2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they still remain close to -1. In particular, in 2012 it is the closest it has ever been to -1. Therefore, China has a comparative advantage in export specialization. On the other hand, Korea has a comparative advantage in import specialization. For the research period, all indexes were much lower than 1, which means that Korea has consistently had a comparative disadvantage against China for the past 10 years when compared to other industries, even though it experienced improvement in 2000. Conclusions - The summary of conclusions based on empirical analysis research are as follows: First, per the trade intensity index of industries between the two countries, we conclude that the export ratio index in 2000 is 2.867, which means the export ratio of Korea to China is slightly higher. Furthermore, the ratios of 2.259 and 1.263 held in 2005 and 2012, respectively, meaning that the export ratio of Korea to China was maintained in 2005, but was diminishing gradually as the index in 2012 was 1.263. Second, per the trade specialization index of the steel distribution industry between Korea and China, the value was -0.379 in 2000, -0.368 in 2005 and -0.568 in 2012. Looking at the whole period of 2000-2012, the indexes remained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. In particular, in 2012 it is the closest it has ever been to -1. Third, regarding the revealed comparative advantage index of the steel distribution industry between Korea and China, the RCA indexes in 2005 and 2012 are 0.246 and 0.306, respectively, which are still far from 1, even though the index has improved compared to the 2000's value of 0.0001. Therefore, the Korean steel distribution industry is at a significant comparative disadvantage to that of the Chinese steel distribution industry.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.441-468
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• 2004

We estimate carbon embodied in the export goods of Korea. A commodity-by-industry IO model ($CO_2$ hybrid IO model) is constructed for the estimation. In the model, all monetary units of energy commodities are converted to physical unit, carbon tons. Results show that total $CO_2$ embodied in the exports of non-energy goods of Korea equals 51.18 million carbon ton or 44% of total $CO_2$ emissions in Korea in 2000. Overall carbon intensity of export goods is estimated as 0.227 carbon ton per million Won. These findings suggest Korea's responsibility on global warming may be imputed to the countries who import and consume Korean goods. It is in accordance with the user pay principle. It is also argued that if UNFCCC impose the burden of $CO_2$ mitigation on importing countries rather than exporting countries, we can prevent '$CO_2$ emission leakages' effectively.