• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.117-125
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the recent status and changes in impervious surface areas and their ratios across regions in Gyeongsangnam-do, providing fundamental data for regional development and impervious surface management. Based on the 'Guidelines for Calculating Water Cycle Management Indicators for Nonpoint Pollution Source Control(Ministry of Environment)', we processed the land characteristics survey map(shapefile) from 2018 and 2022 to analyze impervious surface area and their rates by administrative boundaries. The impervious surface area in Gyeongsangnam-do increased from 75,652 ha in 2018 to 81,055 ha in 2022, with the rate rising by 0.51% from 7.18% to 7.69%. The average of impervious surface area across 545 eupmyeon units expanded by approximately 9 ha, from 139.8 ha in 2018 to 148.8 ha in 2022, with the rate increasing by 0.71%. Concurrently, the whole population declined by 2.8% while the number of households surged by 6.4%, correlating with the growth in impervious areas. Despite population decreases, factors such as population migration, increased household fragmentation, new residential developments, and industrial facility expansions have consistently contributed to the rise in impervious surface area. Notably, even in areas with high impervious surface area rate, significant disparities existed between urbanized areas and predominantly rural regions. Furthermore, about 333 units(61% of the whole eupmyeons), showed negligible changes in their impervious surface area rate, with an increase of less than 0.5%.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.239-242
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• 2006

Impervious surface is an important index for the estimation of urbanization and environmental change. In addition, impervious surface has an influence on the parameters of rainfall-runoff model during rainy season. The increase of impervious surface causes peak discharge increasing and fast concentration time in urban area. Accordingly, impervious surface estimation is an important factor of urban rainfall-runoff model development and calibration. In this study, impervious surface estimation is performed by using remote sensing images such as landsat-7 ETM+ and high resolution satellite image and regression tree algorithm based on case study area ? Jungnang-cheon basin in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.157-167
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• 2021

Korea needs to develop a rational system to separate stormwater utility fee from current sewerage fee. In this study, the scenario for calculating stormwater utility fee of Bupyeong-gu was suggested and the results were considered. For this purpose, the application of stormwater utility fee overseas and current domestic system were analyzed. A three step calculating scenario considering suitable domestic situation and impervious surface area was suggested. Water, sewerage usage, and hydrant data were collected. The total amount of water and sewerage fees for land use were calculated. The sewerage fee of Bupyeong-gu for the year 2014 was 21,685,446,578 won. Assuming that 40% of this amount was the cost associated to stormwater, the result showed that the fees for residential area in third step decreased by 0.77% compared to that of the first step. For commercial area, the stormwater utility fee decreased by 36.87%. For industrial area, although the consumption of water was similar to that of commercial area, the stormwater utility fee increased by 8.35%. For green area, the fee increased by 37.46%. This study demonstrated that the calculation of actual stormwater utility fee using impervious surface map and impervious Surface Ratio Estimation Methodology developed in previous studies is feasible.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.457-468
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• 2005

Increasing of impervious surface resulting from urban development has negative impacts on urban environment. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to estimate and quantify the temporal and spatial aspects of impervious area for study of urban environment. In many cases, conventional image classification methods have been used for analysis of impervious surface fraction. However, the conventional classification methods have shortcoming in estimating impervious surface. The DN value of the each pixel in imagery is mixed result of spectral character of various objects which exist in surface. But conventional image classification methods force each pixel to be allocated only one class. And also after land cover classification, it is requisite to additional work of calculating impervious percentage value in each class item. This study used the spectral mixture analysis to overcome this weakness of the conventional classification methods. Four endmembers, vegetation, soil, low albedo and high albedo were selected to compose pure land cover objects. Impervious surface fraction was estimated by adding low albedo and high albedo. The study area is the Tanchon watershed which has been rapidly changed by the intensive development of housing. Landsat imagery from 1988, 1994 to 2001 was used to estimate impervious surface fraction. The results of this study show that impervious surface fraction increased from $15.6\%$ in 1988, $20.1\%$ in 1994 to $24\%$ in 2001. Results indicate that impervious surface fraction can be estimated by spectral mixture analysis with promising accuracy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 2022

This study aimed to estimate the impervious area rate by rural water districts in 2009 and 2021 and analyze the changes. From the EGIS(Environmental Geographic Information Service) land cover maps, the impervious areas were defined as residential, commercial, industrial, culture·sports·recreational, traffic, public facilities, and greenhouses of land cover classes. For 496 rural water districts excluding the border area with North Korea, the nationwide impervious area rate increased from 5.96% in 2009 to 7.50% in 2021. The average of the top 50 rural water districts increased from 23.4% in 2009 to 27.1% in 2021. E ven for the bottom 50 rural water districts, the average impervious area rate rose from 1.12% in 2009 to 1.40% in 2021. Rural water districts with a high impervious area rate are mainly distributed in metro cities and industrial areas. The contraries are primarily found in Gangwon, Gyeongsang, and Jeolla regions covered with forests and farmlands. Notably, the impervious area rate changed more in the neighboring rural water districts than in large cities, and the rate kept increasing slightly even in rural areas with a low impervious area rate. The findings of this study will help prepare a reasonable alternative for managing the impermeable surface of rural areas for safe and sound rural water cycle.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2014

Most researches have created the impervious surface map by using low-spatial-resolution satellite imagery and are inefficient to generate the object-based impervious map with a broad area. In this study, segment-based impervious surface mapping algorithm is proposed using the RapidEye satellite imagery in order to map impervious area. At first, additional bands are generated by using TOA reflectance conversion RapidEye data. And then, shadow and water class are extracted using training data of converted reflectance image. Object-based impervious surface can be generated by spectral mixture analysis based on land cover map of Ministry of Environment with medium scale, in the case of other classes except shadow and water classes. The experiment shows that result by our method represents high classification accuracy compared to reference data, quantitatively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.17-23
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• 2009

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used in this study to evaluate the hydrologic impacts by the impervious surface change in the farm region. The model was calibrated and validated by using four years (1999-2002) of measured data for the Gyeongancheon watershed in Korea. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during the calibration and validation periods. Land use scenarios including various changes of the plastic film house area in the farm region were applied to assess their effects on watershed hydrology. The results indicated that the surface direct (5.6%~14.0%) and total runoff (0.8%~1.5%) increased, but the groundwater discharge (10.7%~27.7%) and evapotranspiration (1.5%~3.3%) decreased as the plastic film house area (5.7%~12.4%) increased.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.378-381
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• 2008

The regulating and relaxing targets in the Land Use Regulation and Total Maximum Daily Loads are influenced by Land cover information. For the providing more accurate land information, this study attempted to generate an impervious surface map using KOMPSAT-2 image which a Korea manufactured high resolution satellite image. The classification progress of this study carried out by tasseled-cap spectral enhancement through each class extraction technique neither existing classification method. KOMPSAT-2 image of this study is enhanced by Soil Brightness Index(SBI), Green vegetation Index(GVI), None-Such wetness Index(NWI). Then ranges of extracted each index in enhanced image are determined. And then, Confidence Interval of classes was determined through the calculating Non-exceedance Probability. Spectral distributions of each class are changed according to changing of Control coefficient(${\alpha}$) at the calculated Non-exceedance Probability. Previously, Land cover classification map was generated based on established ranges of classes, and then, pervious and impervious surface was reclassified. Finally, impervious ratio of reclassified impervious surface map was calculated with blocks in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.421-433
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• 2009

The impervious ratio was frequently employed as a fundamental attribute will be used as a proxy of the total environmental burden in the urban area since it may contribute as much or more on a cumulative basis to the overall environmental condition. This research proposes a comparative evaluation framework in a more objective and Quantitative way for an impervious ratio in the university campus, using the Google Earth. Two university campuses (Kyungpook National University: KNU, Hong Kong University: HKUJ were selected as survey objectives in order to evaluate the potential of Google Earth in monitoring impervious conditions in the campus. The 61cm resolution of Quickbird data combined with digital map realistically identified the major type of impervious surface such as road, building and parking lots in the study area by large scale spatial precision. The impervious zones with persistently high road density and parking space were specifically identified over the KNU campus while the HKC campus was intensively covered by tree, resulting in almost twice (31%). as compared to KNU (18.4%), The methods of characterizing impervious surface used in this study are easily replicable using data that are primarily publicly available, and therefore the collection of impervious coverage data via Google Earth is, therefore, proposed as a practical alternative.

• KCID journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.3-14
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• 2011

Increased impervious surfaces alter stream hydrology resulting in lower flows during droughts and higher peak flows during floods. Not only urban area but also rural area has been expanded impervious surfaces because of increasing of greenhouses. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the AnnAGNPS (Annualized Non-Point Source Pollution Model) on the surface runoff characteristics of the Daejeon-Stream watershed, and to predict the hydrological effects due to increasing of impervious surfaces. The model parameters were obtained from the geographical information system (GIS) databases, and additional parameters calibrated with the observed data. The model was calibrated by using 2004 of the runoff data and validated by using 2002 data obtained from WAMIS (Water Management Information System) to compare the simulated results for the study watershed. R2 values and efficiency index (EI) between observed and simulated runoff were 0.78 and 0.80, respectively at the calibration period. In this study, expanding of impervious surfaces such as greenhouses caused increasing of surface runoff, but caused decreasing of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads.