• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.360-371
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• 1996

In order to manage forest recreation resources effectively, it is necessary to establish objective and quantifiable evaluative standards. They can be used to evaluate the present management conditions of recreation resources and to monitor the conditions continuously on the basis of the established evaluative standards. Normative approach is one of alternatives to help establish evaluative standards. Researchers and forest managers have been interested in the approach, and its usefulness in managing recreation resources has been emphasized. This paper evaluated the present conditions of the campgrounds on the basis of users' normative evaluative standards using the data collected by on-site survey at two campgrounds (Baemsagol Campground and Second Campground) in Chiri-Mountain National Park in 1.993. This paper established evaluative standards for eight impact indicators using normative approach, and it evaluated the present management conditions of the campgrounds on the basis of them. The present management conditions for noise time and littering behavior were worse than the evaluative standards at Baemsagol and Second Campground. Present conditions for inconsiderate behavior, number of tents, number of campers, and waiting time for using water supply were worse than the evaluative standards only at Baemsagol Campground. The present management conditions for distance between tents and waiting time for using restroom were better than the evaluative standards at both campgrounds. This study introduced how normative approach can be used to establish evaluative standards, and based on the study result, some management directions were suggested.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.275-280
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• 2017

In addition to tumors, normal tissues, such as the brain and myocardium can intake $^{18}F$-FDG, and the amount of $^{18}F$-FDG intake by normal tissues can be altered by the surrounding environment. Therefore, a process is necessary during which the contrasts of the tumor and normal tissues can be enhanced. Thus, this study examines the effects of glucose levels on FDG PET images of brain tissues, which features high glucose activity at all times, in small animals. Micro PET scan was performed on fourteen mice after injecting $^{18}F$-FDG. The images were compared in relation to fasting. The findings showed that the mean SUV value w as 0.84 higher in fasted mice than in non-fasted mice. During observation, the images from non-fasted mice showed high accumulation in organs other than the brain with increased surrounding noise. In addition, compared to the non-fasted mice, the fasted mice showed higher early intake and curve increase. The findings of this study suggest that fasting is important in assessing brain functions in brain PET using $^{18}F$-FDG. Additional studies to investigate whether caffeine levels and other preprocessing items have an impact on the acquired images would contribute to reducing radiation exposure in patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Voice disorders can cause problems in patients with benign vocal cord lesions emotionally, physically, economically and functionally. Neither subjective nor objective voice examinations can evaluate such factors adequately. The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) subjectively evaluates voice disorders in terms of physical, functional, emotional factors and measures the patient's perception of the impact of voice disorder. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of VHI in the patients with benign vocal cord lesions. Materials and Method : The authors evaluated 37 patients who experienced laryngeal microsurgery for benign vocal cord lesions from september 2003 to August 2004. The VHI was used to measure the postoperative changes of the patient's perception and acoustic analysis and aerodynamic tests were also done. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test and Pearson's correlation. Results : The VHI scores showed statistically significant reductions postoperatively. In acoustic analysis, jitter and shimmer had statistically significant reductions after surgery but noise-to-harmonics ratio did not. A statistically significant change in the average MFR and MPT perioperatively was found. The relationship between VHI and acoustic, aerodynamic analysis attained statistical significance. Conclusion : The VHI is a useful assessment tool to monitor the patient's self-perception of voice change after the surgery of benign vocal cord lesions. The VHI measurement, when combined with acoustic and aerodynamic analyses, will be helpful in comparing functional outcomes after voice surgery.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2009

Leading of the computer, IT technology has make great strides. As a information-industry-community was highly developed, user's needs to convenience about intelligence and humanization of interface is being increase today. Nowadays, researches with are related to BCI are progress put the application-technology development first in importance eliminating research about fountainhead technology with DB construction. These problems are due to a BCI-related research studies have not overcome the initial level, and not toward a systematic study. Brain wave are collected from subjects is a signal that the signal is appropriate and necessary in the experiment is difficult to distinguish. In addition, brain wave that it's not necessary to collect the experiment, serious eyes flicker, facial and body movements of an EMG and electrodes attached to the state, noise, vibration, etc. It is hard to collect accurate brain wave was caused by mixing disturbance wave in experiment on the environment. This movement, and the experiment of subject impact on the environment due to the mixing disturbance wave can cause that lowering cognitive and decline of efficiency when embodied BCI system. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an accurate and efficient brain-wave DB building system that more exactness and cognitive basis studies when embodied BCI system with brain-wave. For the minimize about brain wave DB with mixing disturbance, we propose a DB building method using an automatic control and prevent unnecessary action, put to use the subjects face tracking.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.307-327
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• 2017

Ecological efficiency is an important index measuring and reflecting the sustainable development level of economy, resources and environment in a region. This paper makes an empirical study on the ecological efficiency of 31 provinces in China in 2014 with the three-stage DEA model. The results show that the three indexes, the total investment in environmental governance (Unit: hundred million Yuan), the second industry proportion(%), and per capita automobile ownership (car/ten thousand people) functioning as the external environmental variables have significantly impacted the regional ecological efficiency. Excluding the impact of the external environment and statistical noise, the technical efficiency of regional ecological efficiency has increased from 0.526 to 0.639, and the pure technical efficiency has increased from 0.650 to 0.858, with the scale efficiency decreased from 0.833 to 0.740, accurately reflecting the regional ecological efficiency level. 31 Chinese provinces are classified into four different types according to the pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Every region shall, according to the characteristics of its efficiency, emphasize differently on improving the management level or expanding the scale of production so as to improve the ecological efficiency.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.87-92
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• 2010

As the Concept "how environmental friendly" becomes more and more important in road construction. However, so far there is no estimation method. Environmental friendly concept can be incorporated at the plan level in order to influence decision making, and support policies that affect environment. The overall goal of this study was to develop environmental friendly concept measures for the national highway and to develop a methodology to implement a more environmental friendly concept. The research identified 8 performance measures through a project analysis that could address environmental impact assessment system's ten strategic goals - Topography, Wildlife, hydrology, landuse, air quality, water quality, soil, waste, noise, landscape. The qualitatively and quantitatively evaluation approach was selected as the decision support framework and performance measure were investigated using the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and pilot corridor for a 10 section and calculate the index values. The methodology was applied to a pilot corridor comprised of a 120km section of national highway in korea. The methodology made it possible to identify the specific performance measures that need improvement to enhance the overall environmental friendly concept. It is fairly intuitive, based on readily available data, and is easy to apply. It provides a powerful tool for government to assess the relative environmental friendly conceptof their transportation corridors now and in the future. It allows for comparisons within a corridor and with other corridors and identifies the improvements needed to enhance the environmental friendly concept.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.493-501
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• 2016

In this study, core technologies of a traction system on a mountain tram operating on the track of mountain road full of sharp curves and steep gradients were developed. In domestic mountain resort areas, sometimes the transportation service is not provided in winter because of ice and heavy snow on roads, so a mountain railway service independent of the climate and geographic conditions is needed. A traction system was designed taking into account of the power of a traction motor to climb the gradient of 120 ‰, which is common in domestic mountainous areas. and power transmission system was designed to consider the installation space for the traction system. In addition, a reduction gear and a propeller shaft were developed. An elastic pinion was developed and applied to the rack & pinion bogie system for steep gradient so that noise and vibration generated by contact between the steel gears could be reduced. Impact comparison tests showed that the vibration level of the elastic pinion is one-third lower than that of previous steel pinion. Independent rotating wheels and axles were developed for the bogie system to operate on the sharp curve of a 10 meter radius. In addition, the band braking system was developed to enhance the braking force during running on the steep gradient. A test for the braking force showed it exerts the required braking force. The performance of the developed core components were verified by the tests and finally they were applied to the bogie system running on the track of steep gradient and sharp curve.

• 재활복지
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.157-168
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of semi-closed vocal training-based Vocal Aerobic Treatment on the voice improvement of soprano. Study subject was one soprano who appealed to the suffering of her voice problem due to vocal cord nodule. A study method of conducting pre/post acoustic evaluation and subjective voice evaluation to compare the measures was used; Vocal Aerobic Treatment was carried out twice a week for a total of 32 session. In the acoustic evaluation, MDVP (multi-dimensional voice program) and VRP (voice range profile) were used to evaluate the pitch, voice quality, and voice range; in the subjective voice evaluation, SVHI (singing voice handicap index) was used to assess voice satisfaction. As a result of the pitch evaluation, the soprano maintained a proper Fo. As a result of the voice quality evaluation, the jitter, shimmer, and the noise harmonic ratio numbers decreased compared to the numbers shown before the treatment. As a result of the voice range evaluation, the scope of the range was broadened, with the number of semitone increasing from 30 to 35. As for the subjective voice evaluation, the result of the total score obtained after the survey report divided by the number of questions showed a decrease from 3.6 to 0.6. The soprano herself reported of having a minor extent of a voice problem. The summary of the above results reflects that Vocal Aerobic Treatment is useful in the voice improvement of vocalists However, as this study is case research regarding the Vocal Aerobic Treatment effect on one soprano, further research on the treatment effect covering many other vocalists is necessary. Also, there is a need for follow-up studies regarding voice management and voice treatment program on not only the vocalists but also the voice users in many other professions.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_3
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• pp.1427-1443
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• 2018

Object-based image analysis (OBIA) allows higher computation efficiency and usability of information inherent in the image, as it reduces the complexity of the image while maintaining the image properties. Superpixel methods oversegment the image with a smaller image unit than an ordinary object segment and well preserve the edges of the image. SLIC (Simple linear iterative clustering) is known for outperforming the previous superpixel methods with high image segmentation quality. Although the input parameter for SLIC, number of superpixels has considerable influence on image segmentation results, impact analysis for SLIC parameter has not been investigated enough. In this study, we performed optimal parameter analysis and evaluation of change detection for SLIC-based superpixel techniques using KOMPSAT data. Forsuperpixel generation, three superpixel methods (SLIC; SLIC0, zero parameter version of SLIC; SNIC, simple non-iterative clustering) were used with superpixel sizes in ranges of $5{\times}5$ (pixels) to $50{\times}50$ (pixels). Then, the image segmentation results were analyzed for how well they preserve the edges of the change detection reference data. Based on the optimal parameter analysis, image segmentation boundaries were obtained from difference image of the bi-temporal images. Then, DBSCAN (Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) was applied to cluster the superpixels to a certain size of objects for change detection. The changes of features were detected for each superpixel and compared with reference data for evaluation. From the change detection results, it proved that better change detection can be achieved even with bigger superpixel size if the superpixels were generated with high regularity of size and shape.

• Journal of The Korean Society For Urban Railway
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.327-337
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• 2018

Since the track of the ballastless steel plate girder bridge is connected to a main girder without a deck and a ballast, the impact generated by train passage is transferred directly to bridge main members, and it can cause frequent damage of the bridge as well as higher noise and vibration level. Applying the CWR (Continuously Welded Rail) technology can reduce this structural problems, and, to this end, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of factors influencing vehicle-track or track-bridge interaction. In this paper, experimental study results are presented for examining the longitudinal resistance characteristics of the track, including a rail fastener, a sleeper fastener, and a track skeleton, installed on a ballastless steel plate girder bridge. The experiment is conducted using a disposed bridge from service, which is transported to a laboratory. The experimental results show that the rail fastener satisfies the performance criteria of the longitudinal resistance presented in KRS TR 0014-15, and the longitudinal resistance of old and new type sleeper fasteners is higher than the values provided in the existing research. Also, the unloaded longitudinal resistance of the ballastless track is between the ballast and the concrete tracks.