• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2005

The major function of immune system is to protect infections. The immune systems are composed of innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the cellular and humoral components interact each other. Neonates and infants are infected frequently, because immune systems are naive and easy to expose to infectious agents. The complete history and physical examination is essential to evaluate the child with recurrent infections. The environmental risk factors of recurrent infections are day care center, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. The underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and disorders of anatomy or physiology increase the susceptibility to infections. In immunodeficiency, infections are characterized by severe, chronic, recurrent, and unusual microbial agents infection. The defects of antibody production are susceptible to sinopulmonary bacterial infections. T cells defects are vulerable to numerous organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria and etc. The screening tests for immune functions are the quantitative and qualitative measurements of each immune components. A complete blood count with white blood cell, differential, and platelet provide quantitative informations of immune components. Total complement and immunoglobulin levels represent the humoral component. Antibody levels of previously injected vaccines also provide informations of the antigen specific antibody immune responses. T cell and subsets count is quantitative measurement of cell mediated immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test is a crude measurement of T cell function. The long term outcome of children with recurrent infections is completely dependent on the underlying diseases, the initial time of diagnosis and therapy, continued management, and genetic counscelling.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2017

두경부 편평상피세포암은 전세계적으로 6번째로 흔하며 예후가 불량한 암종이다. 면역 감시는 두경부암의 발생과 진행을 억제하는 중요한 기전으로 알려져 있다. 두경부암세포는 면역 감시를 T세포의 관용을 유도하거나 체크포인트를 통한 T세포 기능을 억제하는 등의 방법으로 회피할 수 있다. 한편 진행성 두경부암 임상연구에서 체크포인트 억제제는 명확한 항종양효과를 입증하였다. 이처럼 면역항암제가 중요한 암치료 방법으로 떠오르는 이때에 본 종설은 두경부암의 면회회피 기전 및 임상적용근거에 대한 최근 지식을 정리하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.726-732
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• 2021

In this study, we evaluated the immune-enhancing activity of kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum 200655 on immune suppression by cyclophosphamide (CP) in ICR mice. Animals were fed distilled water or 1×10⁹ colony-forming unit/kg B.W. 200655 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as a positive control for 14 days. An in vivo model of immunosuppression was induced using CP 150 and 100 mg/kg B.W. at 7 and 10 days, respectively. Body weight, spleen index, spleen weight, and gene expression were measured to estimate the immune-enhancing effects. The dead 200655 (D-200655) group showed an increased spleen weight compared to the sham control (SC) group. Similarly, the spleen index was significantly higher than that in the CP-treated group. The live 200655 (L-200655) group showed an increased mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in splenocytes. Also, the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression was upregulated in the L-200655 group compared to the CP-only (SC) group. The phosphorylation of ERK and MAPK was also upmodulated in the L-200655 group. These results indicate that L. plantarum 200655 ameliorated CP-induced immune suppression, suggesting that L. plantarum 200655 may have the potential to enhance the immune system.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.147-151
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• 2005

Purified compound with intestinal immune system-modulating properties, GWE-2c, was isolated from methanol extract of Gelidium amansii by sequential procedures with silica gel column, LH-20 Sephadex gel column, and thin-layer chromatographies. In the presence of GWE-2c, strong immunoactivity in Peyers patch cell-mediated bone marrow cells was observed in vitro. In vivo intestinal immune-modulating activity was also enhanced by crude phenolic compound (GWE) of G. amansii in a dose-dependent manner. Investigation of production of several cytokines in Peyer's patch cells upon stimulation with GWE in vivo revealed the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-6 increased. Results suggest that the phenolic compound from G. amansii represents immunopotentiator and biological response modifier at in vitro and in vivo levels.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo toxicity of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), on the immune system of the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish were injected twice intraperitoneally with DEHP (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW), and the cellularity and functional activity of phagocytes in the spleen and head kidney were measured. The number of head kidney leukocyte cells was significantly greater in fish treated with 800-mg DEHP/kg BW. Nonspecific immunity, as determined by the phagocytic index, was significantly decreased at 800-mg DEHP/kg BW in the head kidney. A significant reduction in phagocytic capacity was observed in the head kidney at ${\geq}$400-mg DEHP/kg BW. Furthermore, significantly increased levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamic pyruvate transaminase indicated a marked hepatic dysfunction in immunosuppressed fish. Total serum protein was significantly reduced at ${\geq}$400-mg DEHP/kg BW; however, there were no significant changes in lysozyme activity. These results demonstrate that immune responses in the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus can predict immunotoxicity at doses ${\geq}$400-mg DEHP/kg BW.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.3.1-3.17
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• 2019

Aging is a complex process associated with dysregulation of the immune system and low levels of inflammation, often associated with the onset of many pathologies. The lacrimal gland (LG) plays a vital role in the maintenance of ocular physiology and changes related to aging directly affect eye diseases. The dysregulation of the immune system in aging leads to quantitative and qualitative changes in antibodies and cytokines. While there is a gradual decline of the immune system, there is an increase in autoimmunity, with a reciprocal pathway between low levels of inflammation and aging mechanisms. Elderly C57BL/6J mice spontaneously show LGs infiltration that is characterized by Th1 but not Th17 cells. The aging of the LG is related to functional alterations, reduced innervation and decreased secretory activities. Lymphocytic infiltration, destruction, and atrophy of glandular parenchyma, ductal dilatation, and secretion of inflammatory mediators modify the volume and composition of tears. Oxidative stress, the capacity to metabolize and eliminate toxic substances decreased in aging, is also associated with the reduction of LG functionality and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Although further studies are required for a better understanding of autoimmunity and aging of the LG, we described anatomic and immunology aspects that have been described so far.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.472-476
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• 2002

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) serves as a good model of cell-mediated reaction. Epidermal langerhans cell (LC) are thought to playa crucial role in the regulation of immune reaction of the skin, which elicit the CHS response by presenting Antigen to trafficking Ag-specific T cells within the skin. However, contact hypersensitivity is regarded as a negative side of immunities, caused by increased damaging immune response. Therefore, the study of effector molecule causing immune suppression is thought to be meaningful in the skin immune response. For this aim, this study investigated the influence of pedunculagin on cytokine, IL-$\beta$ expression from langerhans cell (LC). In vitro and in vivo, pedunculagin up-regulated the expression of IL-1$\beta$ mRNA. After PMA stimulation in vitro and DNFB sensitization in vivo, the expression of IL-1$\beta$ mRNA was down-regulated. This results suggested that pedunculagin could be immuno-modulator in skin immune system by modulating IL-1$\beta$ expression.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.271-283
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• 2006

The third-stage larvae (L3) of the parasitic nematode, Anisakis simplex, have been implicated in the induction of hyperimmune allergic reactions in orally infected humans. In this work, we have conducted a review of an investigation into immune reactions occurring in animals experimentally infected with A. simplex L3. The patterns of serum antibody productions if the experimental animals against excretory-secretory products (ESP) of A. simplex L3 contributed to our current knowledge regarding specific humoral immune reactions in humans. In our review, we were able to determine that L3 infection of experimental animals may constitute a good model system for further exploration of immune mechanisms and allergy in anisakiasis of humans.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2003

The intestinal immune system can discriminate between harmful and unharmful antigens and do not provoke productive immunity to unharmful antigen. Thus oral administration of antigen is one of classical methods for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in the periphery. Furthermore, oral tolerance has been investigated for the treatment of autoimmune disorders in human clinical trials. However, the detail mechanism of oral tolerance and contributing factors are not defined clearly at this time. Recent studies demonstrate unique types of immune cell that suppressing immune response, such as regulatory T cell and tolerogenic dendritic cell. This article reviews the factors involved in oral tolerance and discusses our current understanding base on the recent literatures and our works.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.118-125
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• 2008

Objective :Ginseng is one of the most popular Oriental medicinal plants considered as a tonic worldwide. This study aimed to produce comprehensive understanding for immune-related pharmaceutical activities of Ginseng. Methods: We surveyed all literatures, 168 of immunity-focused papers with Ginseng in Pub-med, and analyzed pharmaceutical characters according to immune elements and Ginseng components. Results : The main functions of Ginseng have been associated with modulation of immunity. Whole body of Ginseng or its ingredients differently show the effects on both cellular and humoral elements of immune system. Ginseng enhances the activities of T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages and dendritic cells whileas suppresses mast cell-associated allergy and release of histamine. Conclusion : These results will provide Korean doctors or scientists an immune-related overview of Ginseng, and help them in clinical applications and developments of Korean Ginseng as a global competitive drug in world market.