• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2023

CD96 is a membrane-bound receptor discovered in humans in 1992 that is mainly present in natural killer cells and T cells derived from haematopoietic cells and performs immune functions. Based on the sequence of CD96 obtained from red seabream (Pagrus major), phylogenetic analysis with other species, infections of normal fish, Streptococcus iniae and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and expression analysis was conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis showed the highest homology with Sparus aurata, and multiple sequence analysis confirmed the conservation of major domains between different fish species. Normal fish high expression results were confirmed in the head kidney, and spleen, which are the haematopoietic organs of the fish. High expression levels were confirmed in the gills, liver, spleen, and kidney on day three after RSIV infection. After S. iniae infection, high expression was confirmed in the gills and liver on day one, and high expression was confirmed in the spleen from 12 hours. These results show that PmCD96 functions as an immune gene in P. major and is considered a basic research case for CD96 in fish's hematopoietic organ immune system.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.42.1-42.20
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• 2021

Eosinophils play critical roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in innate and adaptive immunity. Although primarily known for their roles in parasitic infections and the development of Th2 cell responses, eosinophils also play complex roles in other immune responses ranging from anti-inflammation to defense against viral and bacterial infections. However, the contributions of pattern recognition receptors in general, and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in particular, to eosinophil involvement in these immune responses remain relatively underappreciated. Our in vivo studies demonstrated that NLRC4 deficient mice had a decreased number of eosinophils and impaired Th2 responses after induction of an allergic airway disease model. Our in vitro data, utilizing human eosinophilic EoL-1 cells, suggested that TLR2 induction markedly induced pro-inflammatory responses and inflammasome forming NLRC4 and NLRP3. Moreover, activation by their specific ligands resulted in caspase-1 cleavage and mature IL-1β secretion. Interestingly, Th2 responses such as secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 decreased after transfection of EoL-1 cells with short interfering RNAs targeting human NLRC4. Specific induction of NLRC4 with PAM3CSK4 and flagellin upregulated the expression of IL-5 receptor and expression of Fc epsilon receptors (FcεR1α, FcεR2). Strikingly, activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome also promoted expression of the costimulatory receptor CD80 as well as expression of immunoregulatory receptors PD-L1 and Siglec-8. Concomitant with NLRC4 upregulation, we found an increase in expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, but not MMP-2. Collectively, our results present new potential roles of NLRC4 in mediating a variety of eosinopilic functions.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 식물성 프로바이오틱스에 해조류인 미역을 첨가하여 프로바이오틱스의 체내 안정성 및 면역원성을 향상 시킬 수 있는 고농도 배양법을 개발하고자 하였다. 미역 첨가 배지를 생산 수준으로 유산균을 배양하였을 때 유산균수는 18시간째 $10^{22}$, 24시간째 $100^9$으로 고농도 배양이 가능하였다. 미역첨가배지로 배양된 유산균의 열 안정성, 위산 및 담즙 안정성의 효과도 기본배지와 비교 하여 유의적인 증가를 확인할 수 있었다. 미역첨가배지로 배양된 프로바이오틱스는 생균 및 사균 모두 면역증강효과를 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 배양만으로 기능성이 향상된 프리바이오틱스를 개발함에 따라, 다양한 프로바이오틱스의 기능성 향상의 기반 기술로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료 된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2021

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently discovered family of innate immune cells. ILCs can be categorized into three groups on the basis of the transcription factors that direct their functions and the cytokines they produce. Notably, these functions parallel the effector functions of T lymphocytes. ILCs play a frontline role in host defense and tissue homeostasis by responding rapidly to environmental factors, conducting effector responses in a tissue-specific manner, and interacting with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells throughout the body. Moreover, recent studies reveal that ILCs are involved in development of various inflammatory diseases, such as respiratory diseases, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. In this review, we discuss the recent findings regarding the biology of ILCs in health and inflammatory diseases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.685-691
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• 2022

Early-life environmental factors can have persistent effects on physiological functions by altering developmental procedures in various organisms. Recent experimental and epidemiological studies now further support the idea that developmental programming is also present in mammals, including humans, influencing long-term health. Although the mechanism of programming is still largely under investigation, the role of endocrine glucocorticoids in developmental programming is gaining interest. Studies found that perinatal glucocorticoids have a persistent effect on multiple functions of the body, including metabolic, behavioral, and immune functions, in adulthood. Several mechanisms have been proposed to play a role in long-term programming. In this review, recent findings on this topic are summarized and the potential biological rationale behind this phenomenon is discussed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.15
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• 2023

Cancer immunotherapies continue to face numerous obstacles in the successful treatment of solid malignancies. While immunotherapy has emerged as an extremely effective treatment option for hematologic malignancies, it is largely ineffective against solid tumors due in part to metabolic challenges present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells face fierce competition with cancer cells for limited nutrients. The strong metabolic suppression in the TME often leads to impaired T-cell recruitment to the tumor site and hyporesponsive effector functions via T-cell exhaustion. Growing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a key role in CD8⁺ T-cell activation, migration, effector functions, and persistence in tumors. Therefore, targeting the mitochondrial metabolism of adoptively transferred T cells has the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in treating solid malignancies.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2005

Dandelions have been reported to have medicinal properties and bioactive components that impact human health. However, the precise biological properties of dandelions and the parts of the plants possessing bioactive components remain uncertain. In this study, we evaluated 3 different types of dandelions based on their cultivation origin (Songpa, Uiryung, and native Uiryung types) as well as their 4 different plant parts (leaf, flower, root, skin). Each sample was extracted with $80\%$ methanol and then compared for the biological activities (anti-oxidative, immune cell proliferative and tumor cell growth inhibitory activities). All 3 types of dandelions possessed a degree of biological functions including the hydroxyl radical scavenger activity, immune cell proliferative activity and tumor cell growth inhibitory activity. However, there was no significant difference in these activities between the 3 dandelion types. Leaves of all three dandelion types showed the highest levels of all biological activities. To a lesser degree, the flower and root parts displayed biological activities. In the skin parts, anti-oxidative activity was also detected only at higher doses of dandelion extracts. Heating the dandelion leaf extract did not affect the biological activity, suggesting a heat-stable nature of the biological compounds. Taken together, these collective data suggest that dandelions, in particular their leaves, possess a high concentration of heat-resistant biological compounds, which are responsible for anti-oxidative, immune cell proliferative and tumor cell growth-inhibitory activities.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권3B호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2009

기존의 망 이상 상태 탐지 시스템들은 주로 정상 상태의 시스템 사용률 등과 같은 통계 값으로 결정된 임계값을 기반으로 탐지하기 때문에 이상 상태임에도 불구하고 정상 상태와 비슷한 시스템 통계 값을 가지면 탐지하지 못하는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 단점들을 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 인간면역체계의 학습, 적응, 기억 능력등의 특성을 이용하는 인공면역체계 기반의 적응적 망 이상 상태 탐지 모델을 제안한다. 이를 위하여 인간면역 시스템의 수지상 세포 (Dendritic Cell)와 T 세포 사이의 상호 작용을 이용한 탐지 모델을 설계하고 각 구성 요소 및 기능을 정의한다. 중앙 집중 제어 노드는 각 라우터 노드로부터 전달받은 정보를 분석하여 대응 방법을 해당 라우터들에게 전달한다. 또한 라우터 노드는 학습을 통해 얻어진 데이터를 기반으로 이상 상태를 탐지할 뿐만 아니라 중앙 집중 제어 노드로부터 전달받은 정보를 이용하여 이상 상태를 처리한다. 최종적으로 제안된 이상 상태탐지 모델의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 구성 모듈을 설계하고 flooding 공격에 대한 시뮬레이션을 수행한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2019

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG; Panax ginseng Meyer) is a widely used medicinal herb known to exert various immune modulatory functions. KRG and one of its purified components, ginsenoside Rg3, are known to possess anti-inflammatory activities. How they impact helper T cell-mediated responses is not fully explored. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effect of KRG extract (KRGE) and ginsenoside Rg3 on Th1 cell responses. Methods: Using well-characterized T cell in vitro differentiation systems, we examined the effects of KRGE or enhanced Rg3 on the Th1-inducing cytokine production from dendritic cells (DC) and the naïve $CD4^+$ T cells differentiation to Th1 cells. Furthermore, we examined the change of Th1 cell population in the intestine after treatment of enhanced Rg3. The influence of KRGE or enhanced Rg3 on Th1 cell differentiation was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: KRGE significantly inhibited the production level of IL-12 from DCs and subsequent Th1 cell differentiation. Similarly, enhanced Rg3 significantly suppressed the expression of interferon gamma ($IFN{\gamma}$) and T-bet in T cells under Th1-skewing condition. Consistent with these effects in vitro, oral administration of enhanced Rg3 suppressed the frequency of Th1 cells in the Peyer's patch and lamina propria cells in vivo. Conclusion: Enhanced Rg3 negatively regulates the differentiation of Th1 cell in vitro and Th1 cell responses in the gut in vivo, providing fundamental basis for the use of this agent to treat Th1-related diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.256-262
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• 2022

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is well known as traditional herbal medicine, and ginseng berries are known to exhibit potential immune-enhancing functions. However, little is known about the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of Korean ginseng berries. In this study, crude Korean ginseng berries polysaccharides (GBP) were isolated and their immunomodulatory activities were investigated using cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressive BALB/c mice. In CY-treated mice, oral administration of GBP (50-500 mg/kg BW) remarkably increased their spleen sizes and spleen indices and activated NK cell activities. GBP also resulted in the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes (coordinating with ConA: plant mitogen which is known to stimulate T-cell or LPS: endotoxin which binds receptor complex in B cells to promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GBP significantly stimulated mRNA expression levels of immune-associated genes including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in CY-treated mice. These results indicate that GBP is involved in immune effects against CY-induced immunosuppression. Thus, GBP could be developed as an immunomodulation agent for medicinal or functional food application.