• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{R}$) supplementation in combination with enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{R}$) to diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total of 210 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc), 6.68$\pm$0.98 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a randomized complete block design. There were three pens per treatment and 14 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (Control diet with no phytase and enzyme complex (EC)), 2) LP+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower available phosphorus (aP) level+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 3) LP+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP level+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex, 4) LPEA+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels (lysine, methionine, threonine and typtophan)+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 5) LPEA+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/ kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex). For the determination of ileal nutrients digestibility, a total of 15 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; 7.52$\pm$1.24 kg; 3 replicates per treatment) were used in the present study. Piglets were weighted and allotted into same dietary treatments as one in growth trial and phase I experimental diets were provided for ileal digestibility study. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). However, piglets in LP+EC 100 group had a significantly higher gain/feed ratio (G:F) than piglets had in control (p<0.05). Crude protein, energy and phosphorus digestibilities were significantly improved when both of phytase and enzyme complex were supplemented at the revel of 0.1%, respectively to diets with low nutrient level (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) (p<0.05). Piglets in LP+EC 100 and LPEA+EC 100 groups showed significantly higher phosphorus content (%) in bone than that of piglets in control group (p<0.05). Supplementation of both of phytase and enzyme complex at 0.1%, respectively, to diet with low nutrient levels (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) significantly improved total ileal essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid digestibilities compared to control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and enzyme complex to diets at recommended level is advantageous with respect to improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based weaned pig diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.635-642
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to determine apparent ileal and fecal digestibilities of some grains for young pigs (15.6 kg BW). Ileal and fecal digestibility of corn, milo, wheat, barley, rice and tapioca were measured with pigs fitted with simple ileal T-cannula. Rice was the highest (p < 0.05) and tapioca was the lowest (p < 0.05) in the digestibilities of gross energy. For the crude protein digestibilities, rice, barley and wheat were higher (p < 0.05) than corn, milo and tapioca. The average ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids (AAs) were 89.9, 85.8, 81.5, 80.9, 80.2 and 76.3% for those fed rice, barley, milo, wheat, corn and tapioca diets, respectively. Regardless of the dietary carbohydrate sources, among the dispensable amino acids, glycine had lowest digestibility except for barley and milo. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine and methionine were 90.7, 94.0% in rice, 88.3, 86.5% in barley and 86.3, 82.3% in wheat. The apparent fecal digestibility of average essential AAs were 90.8, 89.9, 87.7, 85.1, 82.5 and 77.9% in pigs fed the rice, barley, wheat, corn, milo and tapioca diets, respectively. The fecal digestibilities of essential AAs and nonessential AAs, in general, were higher than the ileal digestibilities, which indicating a loss of nitrogenous components in the cecum and colon. For all AAs, differences between ileal and fecal amino acid digestibilities ranged from 0.0 (valine) to 5.8 (threonine) in rice, 0.1 (arginine) to 14.5 (glycine) in barley, 2.8 (lysine) to 12.4 (glycine) in wheat, 1.0 (isoleucine) to 12.9 (glycine) in corn, 0.2 (serine, glutamic acid) to 6.5 (methionine) in milo and 0.5 (valine) to 22.1 (glycine) percentage units in tapioca diets. In conclusion, whether it is ileal or fecal, rice and barley appeared to be excellent alternative carbohydrate sources for young pigs in terms of AAs digestibility. However, energy value and cost for each grain should be considered when formulating diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.521-527
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in cottonseed meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) barrows were fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed com-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% cottonseed meal. For the growth trial, 128 crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) growing pigs (21 kg) were fed com-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 4, 8 or 12% cottonseed meal. Four pens (4 gilts and 4 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. The digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of cottonseed meal in the diet increased. There was good agreement between the amino acid digestibilities for methionine, threonine and tryptophan determined using the regression technique and amino acid digestibilities previously published for cottonseed meal. However, for lysine, the value of 67% ileal digestibility obtained in the present experiment was higher than most previously published estimates which ranged from 42 to 73%. During both the growing (21-43 kg) and finishing (43-84 kg) periods, the addition of cottonseed meal decreased average daily gain and feed conversion in a linear manner (p<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments. The overall results suggest that cottonseed meal can be used at levels of up to 8% in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs provided that the diet. has been balanced for digestible amino acids.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.740-751
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• 2022

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of bird age on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) for 10-d-old Experiment (Exp. 1) and 22-d-old (Exp. 2) male broilers. This study investigated the effects of different broiler ages and feed ingredients on AID and SID of AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Four hundred and eighty (age = 7 d; initial body weight [BW] = 173.4 ± 12.65 g) and 192 (age = 18 d; initial BW = 772.2 ± 62.13 g) birds were allocated to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with eight replicate cages per treatment. Two diets were formulated based on corn or SBM as the sole source of AA in the diet. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure basal endogenous losses of AA. Experimental diets were given for 3 and 4 days in Exps. 1 and 2, respectively. An interaction was observed (p < 0.05) between the age of birds and the type of ingredient for the AID of most AA, except for methionine, valine, cysteine (Cys), and tyrosine; however, the effects of age and type of ingredients were diminished in the SID of AA, except for histidine, isoleucine, leucine (Leu), phenylalanine, alanine (Ala), and glutamic acid (Glu). The AID of AA, except for Leu and Cys and the SID of AA, except for Leu, Ala, Glu, and Pro in SBM were greater (p < 0.05) than in corn. As the age of birds increased from 10 to 22 d, digestibility of all AA increased (p < 0.05), regardless of the expression of AA digestibility (i.e., AID and SID). In conclusion, the AID and SID of AA in both corn and SBM increased with increasing age, and the AID and SID of AA in SBM were greater than in corn.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestibility of crude protein (CP), amino acids and energy in three Chinese corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), one rice DDGS, one American corn DDGS and one American high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG). In Exp. 1, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids in the six samples were determined using cannulated barrows (initial BW: $43.3{\pm}1.7$ kg). In Exp. 2, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of these six samples were determined using crossbred barrows (initial BW: $46.0{\pm}2.5$ kg). The results of the two experiments indicated that Chinese corn DDGS is generally similar to American DDGS in chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME. However, Chinese DDGS had a lower Lys concentration (0.50% vs. 0.74%) and SID Lys (52.3% vs. 57.0%, p<0.01). The DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS were 3,427 and 3,306 kcal/kg, respectively. Rice DDGS had a similar DE and ME (3,363 and 3,228 kcal/kg) but higher Lys concentration (0.64% vs. 0.50%) to corn DDGS, while the SID of Lys was quite low (61.8%, p<0.01). HP-DDG had high value of SID of Lys, DE and ME (79.8%, 3,899 and 3,746 kcal/kg). In conclusion, except for a lower Lys concentrations and availability, the chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS are similar to American corn DDGS. Additionally, the rice DDGS had lower Lys content and digestible Lys values than that in corn DDGS. Thirdly, HP-DDG has higher levels of digestible amino acids and energy than DDGS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.94-101
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• 2004

The gross composition, gross amino acid content, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent ileal digestible amino acid content from 64 commercially produced meat and bone meals were statistically analysed. The samples were produced by 22 plants over a 2.5 year period with eight plants using batch dry rendering and 14 plants using low temperature rendering. A linear model with method and time of year (period) as fixed effects, plant within method as a random effect and sheep percent as a covariate was fitted to the composition data. The majority of the variation in the gross composition, amino acid digestibility and digestible amino acid content was explained by differences between plants using the same method. Neither rendering season nor origin of the raw materials contributed significantly to the observed variation in meat and bone meal protein quality. Rendering method (low temperature or batch rendering) had a significant effect on the variation observed in gross fat content, gross energy content, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and total lanthionine content. The digestibility of a number of amino acids and the apparent digestible content of arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, proline and hydroxyproline were also significantly affected by rendering method. On average, batch dry and low temperature rendering systems produce meat and bone meals of similar nutritional quality. The variation between plant and within plant, however, is large, indicating that purchasing meat and bone meal from the same plant does not guarantee a consistent quality.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2020

The objective of this experiment was to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in five feed ingredients for male broiler chickens (Ross 308). The test feed ingredients consisted of corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The birds were fed a standard starter diet for the first 19 d. On day 19, nine hundred sixty birds were assigned to six dietary treatments with eight replicate cages (20 birds/cage) in a randomized complete block design. All experimental diets contained chromic oxide (0.5% in the diet) as an indigestible index. The diets were offered ad libitum for 4 d. At the end of the experiment, all birds were euthanized and ileal digesta samples were collected immediately. The indispensable AA with the least AID and SID were Thr for all the ingredients used in the present study, except for DDGS, in which Lys had the lowest digestibility. For indispensable AA, the AID and SID of Leu, Phe, Arg, and Met were the greatest in corn, DDGS, wheat, SBM, and CM, respectively. The results from the present study showed that there are variations in both the AID and SID of CP and AA among feed ingredients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1124-1130
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the responses in the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and amino acid (AA) composition of ileal endogenous flow (IEF) of pigs (initial body weight, $69.1{\pm}6.46$ kg) fed N-free diets (NFD) formulated with different ratios of corn starch to dextrose. Fifteen pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed 5 diets according to a triplicated $5{\times}2$ incomplete Latin-square design. Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and 2 d of ileal digesta collection for 12 h on each of d 6 and 7 and between each period, there was a 5-d recovery period to avoid abnormal weight loss. The ratios of corn starch to dextrose investigated were 0:879, 293:586, 586:293, 779:100, and 879:0 for diet numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, and chromic oxide (5 g/kg) was used as an indigestible index. Ileal DM digestibility was greater in Diet 1 than that in Diet 4 (89.5% vs 87.3%, p<0.01) but they were not different from Diet 2, 3, or 5. The IEF for most of indispensable AA were not different among diets with the exception of Met, in which a lack of corn starch or dextrose gave lower (p = 0.028) IEF of Met than diets containing corn starch and dextrose. Likewise, the dispensable AA and total AA in the IEF did not differ among diets. The respective IEF of AA (mg/kg of dry matter intake) in pigs fed Diets 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 were 301, 434, 377, 477,or 365 for Lys, 61, 89, 71, 87, or 61 for Met, and 477, 590, 472, 520, or 436 for Thr. Proline was the most abundant AA in the IEF followed by Gly, Glu, and Asp and together accounted for approximately 50% of the total ileal AA flows of pigs fed NFD. In conclusion, the variation in proportion of corn starch and dextrose in a NFD does not largely affect estimates of IEF of N and AA for growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1496-1502
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet complexity and fermented soy protein on growth performance and amino acid digestibility. In Exp. 1, a total of 120 crossbred weanling pigs ($5.68{\pm}0.80\;kg$ BW) were randomly allocated into 4 treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicate pens comprising 5 pigs in each replicate. Experimental diets consisted of simple (soybean meal as protein source) and complex (soybean meal, rice protein concentrate, potato protein concentrate and fish meal as protein sources) diets; each diet contained 0 or 5% fermented soy protein (FSP), respectively. Dietary treatments included: i) simple diet; ii) simple diet with 5% FSP; iii) complex diet; iv) complex diet with 5% FSP. Pigs were provided each experimental diet for 20 d (phase 1) and then fed the same common diet for 10 d (phase 2). During days 0-10, pigs fed FSP diets had greater ADG than those fed non-FSP diets (p<0.05). G/F in FSP treatments was significantly higher than that in non-FSP treatments (p<0.05) from days 0 to 10. Throughout the overall period, G/F was greater in FSP treatments compared with non-FSP treatments (p<0.05). On d 10, N digestibility was higher in pigs fed FSP diets than in those fed non-FSP diets (p<0.05). Diet complexity did not affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility (p>0.05) in this experiment. In Exp 2, 12 ileal-cannulated, weanling barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (same as Exp. 1) by using a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Among the essential amino acids, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Met and Val were increased in pigs fed FSP diets compared with those fed non-FSP diets (p<0.05). AID of Met, Phe and total essential amino acids were higher in pigs fed complex diets than in those fed simple diets (p<0.05). Among the non-essential amino acids, AID of Ala in FSP treatments was greater than that in non-FSP treatments (p<0.05). In addition, Asp, Cys, Glu, Pro, Ser and total non-essential amino acid digestibilities in pigs fed complex diets were higher compared with those fed simple diets (p<0.05). Interaction was observed in AID of Met, Asp and Pro. In conclusion, these results indicated that feeding of 5% FSP to nursery pigs improved feed efficiency and AID of amino acids, and diet complexity did not maximize the growth performance of pigs in the subsequent phase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1167-1173
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of providing fermented soy protein to weaned pigs on nitrogen balance and apparent fecal and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA. Four weaned ((Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace)${\times}$Duroc) barrows (BW = 6.58${\pm}$0.98 kg), surgically fitted with a simple T-cannula approximately 15 cm prior to the ileo-cecal junction, were fed four diets according to 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Diets were a basal diet supplemented with one of the following: 3% SDPP (spray dried plasma protein), 5% RBP (soy protein fermented by Lactobacillus spp.), 5% PSP (soy protein fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis), and 2.5% RPP (2.5% RBP+2.5% PSP). No differences were observed in DM and N intakes among treatments. However, the level of urine excretion was greater in the RPP group than in the PSP group. Additionally, fecal DM excretion, fecal N concentration and fecal N excretion were increased in the RBP, PSP and RPP groups when compared with the SDPP group (p<0.05). Furthermore, total excretion was increased in the RPP group when compared with the PSP group (p<0.05). In addition, N absorption and the N absorption ratio were higher in the SDPP group than in the RPP group (p<0.05). Moreover, the DM and N digestibilities were lower in the RBP, PSP and RPP groups than in the SDPP group (p<0.05), and the ash and energy digestibilities were higher in the SDPP and RBP groups than in the PSP and RPP groups (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the DM, N, Ash, Ca, P or ileal digestibilities among treatments, although the energy digestibility was higher in the SDPP group than the RBP group (p<0.05). In addition, the apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids (Arg, His, Iso, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, and Val) were significantly higher in the SDPP group than in the other groups (p<0.05), and the levels of Ala, Cys, Glu and Try were greater in the SDPP treatment group than the RBP, PSP and RPP groups (p<0.05). Additionally, the levels of Asp, Gly and Ser were higher in the SDPP group than the PSP and RPP groups, and the level of Pro was higher in the SDPP group than the RPP group (p<0.05). Finally, total non-essential amino acid and total amino acid digestibility were higher in the SDPP group than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Taken together, the results of this study indicate that animal protein is more bioavailable than plant protein. However, the N absorption ratio and ileal digestibility were found to be similar in the SDPP and RBP groups.