• 기본간호학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.6-17
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate perception and experience of medication errors by nurses. Method: Data collection through a survey was performed using structured questionnaires over the period of September 1 to October 15, 2004. Questionnaire were delivered to 222 nurses from 15 hospitals; thereafter, 205 questionnaires were responded (i.e., 92% response rate). The subject in the study was a nurse who had been working in the hospital for less than one year. Results: The average perception rate was 87.5%. The perception rates of subjects in medication errors from four areas are 62% in wrong dosage form for drug administration, 61.5% in air into an IV set, 63% in crystals in an IV lines, and 83.5% in wrong time. The experience rates of subjects in medication errors from four areas are 85.5% in wrong time, 39.5% in wrong injection site, 34.5% in omission error, and 28% in wrong patient. Conclusion: The average perception rate and experience rates of medication errors were 87.5% and 23.5%, respectively. Education about the Five right in medication and knowledges about drugs would improve the perception of medication errors of nurses whose work experience is less than one year, and prevent them from medication errors.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relations between Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats using peudorabies virus(PRV). Methods : We observed labeled neurons following the injection of PRV, Bartha strain, into the Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats. After survival times of 4 days following the injection of PRV, the rats were perfused, and their spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain stem were frozen sectioned($35{\mu}m$). These sections were strained by PRV immunohistchemical staining methods and observed with light microscope. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In the spinal ganglia, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were observed in T10-13 dorsal root ganglia. 2. In the spinal cord, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were lamina I, IV, V, VII, IX, X, intermediolateral nucleus(IML), intermediomedial nucleus(IMM) in thoracic segments. In lumbar segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, IX, X and IMM. In sacral segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X. 3. In the brain, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, caudoventrolateral reticular nu., medullary reticular nu., lateral paragigantocellular nu., C3 adrenalin cells, gigantocellular nu., raphe pallidus nu., raphe obscurus nu., ambiguus nu., raphe magnus nu., pontine reticular formation, A5 cell group, subcoeruleus nu., locus coeruleus, Barringnton's nu., $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nu., dorsal raphe nu., Edinger-Westphal nu., central gray matter, perifornical nu., dorsomedial hypothalamic nu., arcuate nu., lateral hypothalamic nu., paraventricular hypothalamic nu., hindlimb area. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that the interrelationship of meridian(spleen meridian), acupoints(Sp6 and Sp9) and viscera(pancreas) may be related the central autonomic centers.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.210-217
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• 1993

To compare the myocardial viability in patients suffering from total occlusion of the right coronry artery (RCA) with the angiographic collaterals, intracoronary injection of Thallium-201 (T1-201) was done to 14 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (pts) with total occlusion of RCA and into four normal subjects for control. All 14 CAD pts had Grade 2 or 3 collateral circulations. There were 14 male and 4 females, and their ages ranged from 31 to 70 years. In nine pts, T1-201 was injected into left main coronary artery (LCA) ($300{\sim}350{\mu}Ci$) to evaluate the myocardial viability of RCA territory through collateral circulations. The remaining five pts received T1-201 into RCA ($200{\sim}250{\mu}Ci$) because two had intraarterial bridging collaterals and three had previous successful PTCA. Planar & SPECT myocardial perfusion images were obtained 30 minutes, and four to five hours after T1-201 injection. Intravenous T1-201 reinjection (six pts) or $^{99m}Tc-MIBI$ (two pts) were also performed in eight CAD pts. Intracoronary myocardial perfusion images were compared with intravenous T1-201 (IV T1-201) images, ECG, and ventriculography. Intracoronary T1-201 images proved to be superior to that of IV T1-201 due to better myocardial to background uptake ratio and more effective in the detection of viable tissue. We also found that perfusion defects were smaller on intracoronary T1-201 images than those on the IV T1-201. All of the 14 CAD pts had either mostly viable myocardium (seven pts) or large area of T1-201 perfusion (seven pts) in RCA territory, however ventriculographic wall motion and ECG did not correlate well with intracoronary myocardial perfusion images. In conclusion, total RCA occlusion patients with well developed collateral circulation had large area of viable myocardial in the corresponding territory.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.5088-5094
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• 2014

헛개나무 추출물은 알코올 분해, 간 손상 회복과 항산화 기능을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서 헛개나무 추출물이 formalin으로 유도된 염증통증 동물모델에서 염증성 안면통증의 개선하는 능력여부에 대하여 조사하였다. 동물모델은 각각 4개의 그룹으로 나누었다; 그룹1 (대조군), 그룹2 (우측 안면부에 5% fomalin을 피하 주입하여 염증성 안면통증 유발군), 그룹3 (5% fomalin+D.W. 투여군), 그룹4 (5% fomalin+ 4.5 ml/kg 헛개나무 추출물 투여군). 긁거나 문지르는 행위에 대한 계수시험은 3그룹 사이의 다른 점을 평가하기 위해 적용되었다. 뇌와 연수에서의 p38 MAPK, iNOS, Nrf2의 발현은 통증조절, 염증, 항산화와 NO생성과 관련된다. 이것들을 단백정량분석(western blot)으로 분석하였다. 안면통증의 정도는 그룹4가 그룹 1,2,3에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. 뇌와 연수에서의 p38 MAPK, iNOS, Nrf2의 발현도 또한 그룹4이 다른 그룹에 비하여 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 헛개나무 추출물이 p38 MAPK, iNOS와 Nrf2의 발현을 억제함으로서 염증성 안면통증을 감소시킬 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.51-66
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• 2001

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the central neural pathway projecting to the acupoints $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ using the neuroanatomical method following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga) into the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$. After survival times of 96 hours following injection into the twenty rats with PRV-Ba(Bartha strain) and PRV-Ga(Bartha strain, ${\beta}$-galacidodase insertion). They were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by X-gal histochemical and PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. In spinal cord, overlaped PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga labeled neurons projecting to the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. In thoracic spinal segments, Densely labeled areas were founded in lamina IV, V, VII(intermediolateral nucleus) and X areas. In lumbar segemnts, labeled areas were founded in lamina II, IV, V and X areas. In sacral spinal segments, labeled areas were founded in lamina IV, V and VI areas. 2. In brain, overlaped PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga labeled neurons projecting to the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ were founded in the $A_1$ noradrenalin cells/$C_1$ adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nuclens, nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe paltidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, lateral paragigantoceltular nucleus, lateral rcticular nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus nucleus, motor trigeminal nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, $A_5$ cell group, central gray matter, oculomotor nerve, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, median eminence, amygdaloid nucleus, frontal cortex, forelimb area, hindlimb area, 1, 2 areas of parietal cortex and granular and agranular cortex. This results were suggest that overlaped PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga labeled areas projecting to the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ may be related to the emotional relay pathway in the central autonomic center.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.176-180
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• 2001

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the antiemetic effects of intravenous dexamethasone in preventing continuously infused epidural morphine-related nausea and vomiting. Methods: Twenty-seven patients requiring general anesthesia for gastrectomy were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study. At the end of surgery, all patients received epidural morphine 3 mg and were connected to an epidural morphine infusion pump for 2 days in order to relieve postoperative pain. Before the morphine injection, the dexamethasone group (n = 12) received IV dexamethasone 10 mg, whereas the saline group (n = 15) received IV saline. The incidence of nausea & vomiting, pruritus, back pain and VAS scores were assessed in the recovery room, and at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively. Results: There was no significant difference in the total incidence of nausea and vomiting, pruritus, back pain or in the VAS scores. However, there was no vomiting and no back pain in the dexamethasone group. Conclusions: Intravenous dexamethasone did not significantly decrease the total incidence of nausea or vomiting in patients receiving continuous epidural morphine for postoperative pain control. However, IV dexamethasone appears to decrease the severity of nausea, vomiting and back pain.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7441-7447
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• 2015

Objective: This study evaluated the safety and objective response of combining $^{131}I$-labeled-metuximab (Licartin) with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: In a multicenter open-label clinical trial, 341 enrolled patients with stage III/IV HCC according to TNM criteria were nonrandomly assigned to a trial group (n=167) and a control group (n=174), undergoing TACE following hepatic intra-arterial injection of licartin or TACE alone from July 2007 to July 2009. Radiopharmaceutical distribution was evaluated. The primary endpoint was overall survival; secondary endpoints included time-to-progression (TTP), toxicity and adverse events (AEs). Results: The radiobiological distribution demonstrated better localization of licartin in liver tumors than other tissues (P<0.01). The organ absorbed doses to liver and red marrow were $3.19{\pm}1.01Gy$ and $0.55{\pm}0.22Gy$, respectively. The 1-year survival rate was significantly higher [79.47% vs. 65.59%, hazard ratio (HR), 0.598, P=0.041] and TTP significantly improved ($6.82{\pm}1.28$ vs. $4.7{\pm}1.14months$, P=0.037) compared with the control group. Patients at stage III achieved more benefit of one year survival than stage IV in the trial group (86.9% vs. 53.8%, P<0.001). There were significant different toxicities in leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and increased total bilirubin level [P<0.001, P=0.013, P<0.01, relative risk (RR) 1.63, 1.33, 1.43], but no differences in severe AEs of upper GI hemorrhage and severe liver dysfunction between the groups (5.39% vs. 2.3%, P=0.136). Conclusions: Owing to excellent tumor-targeting, promised efficacy and favourable toxicity profile, the novel combination therapy of licartin and TACE could be applied in patients with unresectable HCC.

• Urogenital Tract Infection
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.72-78
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• 2018

Purpose: This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate whether increasing amikacin dosage for ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in patients with fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant rectal flora reduce infectious complications after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSPB). Materials and Methods: A total of 430 patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora based on rectal swab cultures were divided into two groups. Patients in both groups were administered ciprofloxacin (400 mg, intravenous [IV], twice daily) on the same day as TRUSPB and one day after biopsy. However, whereas group 1 patients (n=202) were administered a single injection of amikacin (1 g, IV) one hour before TRUSPB, patients in group 2 (n=228) were administered two injections of amikacin (1 g, IV) before one hour TRUSPB and again on the day after TRUSPB. Results: Of the 430 study subjects, 129 (30.0%) showed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positivity. The overall incidence rate of infectious complications was 2.8% (12/430). Infectious complication rates were 4.0% (8/202) in group 1 and 1.3% (3/228) in group 2 (p=0.075). Urinary tract infection and acute prostatitis were more frequent in group 1 (3.5% vs. 0.4%, p=0.029). Infectious complication rates in ESBL negative patients were 3.4% (5/145) in group 1 and 1.3% (2/156) in group 2, whereas those in ESBL positive patients were 7.0% (4/57) in group 1 and 1.4% (1/72) in group 2. Conclusions: Increasing the dosage of amikacin for ciprofloxacin prophylaxis reduce infectious complications in patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora and to be more effective in ESBL positive patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.378-385
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• 2020

Background: The thoracic paravertebral block is an effective analgesic technique for postoperative pain management after breast surgery. The ultrasound-guided retrolaminar block (RLB) is a safer alternative to conventional paravertebral block. Thus, we assessed the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided RLB for postoperative pain management after breast surgery. Methods: Patients requiring breast surgery were randomly allocated to group C (retrolaminar injection with saline) and group R (RLB with local anesthetic mixture). The RLB was performed at the level of T3 with local anesthetic mixture (0.75% ropivacaine 20 mL + 2% lidocaine 10 mL) under general anesthesia before the skin incision. The primary outcome was cumulative morphine consumption using intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) at 24 hour postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 1, 6, 24, and 48 hour postoperatively and the occurrence of adverse events and patient satisfaction after the surgery. Results: Forty-six patients were included, 24 in group C and 22 in group R. The cumulative morphine consumption using IV-PCA did not differ between the two groups (P = 0.631). The intraoperative use of remifentanil was higher in group C than in group R (P = 0.025). The resting and coughing VAS scores at 1 hour postoperatively were higher in group R than in group C (P = 0.011, P = 0.004). The incidence of adverse events and patient satisfaction was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: A single injection of ultrasound-guided RLB did not reduce postoperative analgesic requirements following breast surgery.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.221-226
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• 1993

To study effective dossage and administration route for scaling, ketamine HCl/propionyl promazine HCl(ketamine) combination and tiletamine HCl/zolazepam HCl(zoletil) were administered in one hundred six dogs. The dogs were toy poodle, Yorkshire Terrier, Pekingese and Chihuahua. Scaling and polishing time, possible treatment time after the first injection of anesthetics, the number of anethesia added, presence of tongue movement during anesthesia, the presence of swaying sign during recovery and respiration were evaluated. The possible treatment time after the first Injection of anesthetic in toy poodle were 26.3${\pm}$3.0 minutes with intravenous(IM) treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg, and 21.4${\pm}$6.6 minutes with intramuscula(IM) treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg, In Yorkshire Terrier were 19.51: 1.7 minutes with IV treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg. 19.0${\pm}$5.2 minutes IM and 20.8${\pm}$6.1 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 5mg/kg,24.8${\pm}$3,5 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg. In pekingese were 27.5${\pm}$2.1 minutes with IM treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg,28.0${\pm}$4.2 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg. In Chihuahua were 19.5${\pm}$1.9 minutes with IV treatment of ketamine 7mg/kg, 17.5${\pm}$1.7 minutes with IM treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg and 20.3${\pm}$3.8 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 5mg/kg, 21.2${\pm}$5.5 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg. Swaying sign was observed in all group during recovery time, espically, in toy poodle and Yorkshire Terrier which administered zoletil 8mg/kg IM showed more severe swaying sign. The present results suggested that injection of zoletil 8mg/kg IM might be relatively effective for scaling in Chihuahua Within 20 minutes treatment for scaling in Yorkshire Terrier and Chihuahua, IM treatment of ketamine 7 to 10mg/kg is recommended.