• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.383-394
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• 2014

The surface sediments from the manganese nodule exploration area of Korea in the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone were investigated to understand the resource potential of and emplacement mechanism for rare earth elements (REEs). The sediments are categorized into three lithological units (Unit I, II and III from top to bottom), but into two groups (Unit I/II and Unit III) based on the distribution pattern of REEs. The distribution pattern of REEs in Unit I/II is similar to that of Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS), but shows a negative Ce anomaly and enrichment in heavy REEs (HREEs). In Unit III, the HREE enrichment and Ce anomaly is much more remarkable than Unit I/II when normalized to PAAS, which are interpreted as resulting from the absorption of REEs from seawater by Fe oxyhydroxides that were transported along the buoyant plume from remotely-located hydrothermal vents. It is supported by the PAAS-normalized REE pattern of Unit III which is similar to those of seawater and East Pacific Rise sediments. Meanwhile, the PAAS-normalized REE pattern of Unit I/II is explained by the 4:1 mixing of terrestrial eolian sediment and Unit III from each, indicating the much smaller contribution of hydrothermal origin material to Unit I/II. The studied sediments have the potentiality of a low-grade and large tonnage REE resource. However, the mining of REE-bearing sediment needs a large size extra collecting, lifting and treatment system to dress and refine low-grade sediments if the sediment is exploited with manganese nodules. It is economically infeasible to develop low-grade REE sediments at this moment in time because the exploitation of REE-bearing sediments with manganese nodules increase the mining cost.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.1056-1063
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• 2012

Recent rapidly growth in nanotechnolgies is promised novel benefits through the exploitation of their unique industrial and biomedical applications. With increasing utilization of nanomaterials in consumer products, the potential release of nanomaterials into the environment and their impacts on the ecosystem and human health have been the issues of concern. Nanomaterials that was exposed unintentionally in environment might be accumulated in various environmental media, and finally it will be influenced to human and ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to understand the fate and behavior of nanoparticles for understanding effects on environmental media (air, water, and soil phase). Therefore, in this work, we investigated the several cases for environmental exposure of nanomaterials and suggested the direction of further research. In workplace, exposure to air media is dominant, but finally waste and wastewater was moved to the water and soil phase. In addition, we found the existing sewage treatment plant was not suitable to remove completely nanomaterials in wastewater flow. To deeper study, environmental monitoring tool must be developed additionally and we suggested the several analyzing method for aged and pristine physicochemical properties of nanomaterials exposed into environmental media. This review for nanomaterials' exposure to environmental media will be helpful to investigate the environmental fate of nanomaterials and define the suitable treatment method for nano-waste.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• 제9권
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• pp.445-488
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• 1997

In the forthcoming 21st century new technical and scientific developments in outer space demands new approaches towards the problems arising in several fields of the use and exploitation of outer space including practical applications. The main purposes of this study are to analyze the legal problems of geostationary orbital position, telecommunication, direct television broadcasting by uses of artificial satellites. Communication via artificial Earth satellites was one of the first applications of space technology and is now one of the most developed field. From the technical and economic standpoints the advantages of world-wide satellites communication system are too all obvious. However, as the practical uses of space technology become more freguent, the legal conflicts among nations have become more divisive. One of the problem grown in uses of artificial satellites is that of the increasing shortage of suitable orbital slot positions for satellites, especially in geostationary orbit. Legal status of geostationary orbit as a limited resourece have to be reviewed in consideration of the side effect of the "First use, first-served" principle. The geostationary orbit is to be used for the benifits of all mankind and to be guaranteed for each state institutionaly in order to have eguitable access to the use of the orbit. Rapid increase of satellites broadcasting system in not only developed countries but also in developing countries opened up new possibilities with one another's scientific and cultural achievements. But there is also a potential danger that this powerful new instrument of influencing public opinion will be abused. Such a danger incudes spill-over or harmful interference. This controversial issue brings about the question whether prior consent from the receiver nation is needed to broadcast across international boundaries. Some states have rejected prior consent because it interfere with the free flow of information. Many other countries have opposed that opinion as an invasion and violation of sovereignty and as a violation of the 1967 Treaty and the UN Charter. Since declaration of the First Year of Outer Space in 1985, our country have promoted the plan of launching communication and broadcasting satellites. With the Koreasat launched in 1995 as the start, a real satellite-telecommunication era was opened in korea. According to this new development of our country, there will also rise various legal problems related to satellite broadcasting and telecommunication such as the inflow of foreign programs, the permeation of culture and the infringement of program copyright. Consequently the effective reactions to these problems in satellite-communication era should be tried including international cooperation. It is therefore to take into careful consideration the legal issues which may arise in outer space activities and to formulate positive policy on international cooperation with surrounding or advanced countries and international organization concerned. For this purpose the United Nations also prepares the UNISPACE III in 1999, to enable the international community to meet a more promising 21st century.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2014

The study investigates the effects of the type, replacement ratio and method of use of mineral admixtures on the fluidity, bleeding ratio, volumetric change and compressive strength of the grout in order to provide basic data for the development of high-quality grout for PSC bridges. In view of the results relative to the type and replacement ratio of the mineral admixtures, it appears that fly ash has practically no effect on the improvement of the fluidity nor on the reduction of bleeding and shrinkage of the grout. On the contrary, blast furnace slag and silica fume appear to have significant effect on the improvement of the fluidity or on the reduction of bleeding and shrinkage of the grout. With regard to the combined use of mineral admixtures, the combination of fly ash and blast furnace slag provides satisfactory fluidity but with significant increase of bleeding and shrinkage, whereas the combination of blast furnace slag and silica fume reduces bleeding and shrinkage but with large loss of the fluidity. On the other hand, the combination of fly ash and silica fume results in satisfactory fluidity accompanied with fair reduction of bleeding and shrinkage of the grout. In view of these results, the type, replacement ratio and method of use of the mineral admixtures are seen to influence the fluidity, bleeding and volumetric change of the grout. Accordingly, it is necessary to select the mineral admixtures considering these effects for their exploitation in the grout of PSC bridges.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.236-246
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• 2014

Deep Sea Water (DSW) has recently drawn attention due to the considerable benefits provided by low-temperature, various minerals included, purity and safety of the water resource. Since Korean DSW-industry initiated exploitation of the alternative water resource in 2008, it merely took off, but remains in the infant stage. It is mainly because the industry has only focused on production of drinkable bottled water, and failed to improve sustainability and competitiveness. On the contrary, not a few oversea DSW industries (e.g. Japanese and Taiwanese DSW industries) have successfully cultivated their markets, and have become leading cases of the industry. The common success factors learned from the cases are as follows; 1) They continuously invest on technology innovation, introduce new DSW-based products, and increase the usability of DSW in various areas of products and services, and 2) they strategically focus on high value-added products rather than just bottled water products. This paper examines the cases of the advanced DSW industries and analyzes patent data and their technology-based development strategies.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to formulate various improved working schemes in determining the definition of non-permissible activities to strengthen the practical implementation and operation of the integrated coastal management plan for regional self-governing authorities In this study, non-permissible activities indicate any activities which should be restricted according to the coastal functions of five different sectors in the regional plan for coastal management. Coastal management plan, are classified into four areas along the coast to use direction. It prohibited and support matters of another coastal exploitation each area. If you want to set the coastal area, has already been specified in the regional and global based on that region Land use planning and urban planning. When additional area settings in some cases may lead to conflicting results. Analyzes the factors to consider about the range and use areas set of in coastal management, It is necessary to strive for deriving a scheme to solve the existing contradiction between the state of the local - area specified problem. With the help of marine spatial planning and pointed out institutional and urban planning system to be utilized in land in the ocean for a more accurate and efficient coastal management, and registered the coastal areas, there is a need to manage. Land -use planning, consideration of another consultation body organization that is able to develop a plan that was comprehensive and marine spatial planning, The contradiction consider to specify the various areas and regions where other specific identification method is determined, Setting the range of coastal waters (within 3 nautical mile), I was exploring the coast registration scheme and registration target, etc.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• 제11B권2호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2004

Ant Colony System(ACS) Algorithm is new meta-heuristic for hard combinational optimization problem. It is a population-based approach that uses exploitation of positive feedback as well as greedy search. Recently, various methods and solutions are proposed to solve optimal solution of graph coloring problem that assign to color for adjacency node($v_i, v_j$) that they has not same color. In this paper introducing ANTCOL Algorithm that is method to solve solution by Ant Colony System algorithm that is not method that it is known well as solution of existent graph coloring problem. After introducing ACS algorithm and Assignment Type Problem, show the wav how to apply ACS to solve ATP And compare graph coloring result and execution time when use existent generating functions(ANT_Random, ANT_LF, ANT_SL, ANT_DSATUR, ANT_RLF method) with ANT_XRLF method that use XRLF that apply Randomize to RLF to solve ANTCOL. Also compare graph coloring result and execution time when use method to add re-search to ANT_XRLF(ANT_XRLF_R) with existent generating functions.

• Resources Recycling
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2018

The rare earth elements (REE) contents in coal ashes generated from domestic circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) were identified for evaluating the exploitation possibilities for recovering rare earth elements. Total REE contents for all of the samples in this study ranged from 82.2 ~ 311.7 ppm, much lower than the 403.5 ppm given on the average value of world coal ash. As a result of analysis using REE concentration and Outlook coefficient, six types of coal ashes falls in the unpromising area (I). These results suggest that it is difficult to recover rare earth element from coal ashes at this stage. It has been confirmed that to recover rare earth elements in coal ashes, research on the pretreatment and concentration process for critical REE is requirement.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2023

Countries around the world are calling for stronger law enforcement to combat the production and distribution of child sexual exploitation images, such as child grooming. Given the scale and importance of this social problem, it requires extensive cooperation between law enforcement, government, industry, and government organizations. In the wake of the Nth Room Case, there have been some amendments to the Enforcement Decree of the Telecommunications Business Act regarding additional telecommunications services provided by precautionary operators in Korea. While Naver and others in Korea use Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute's own technology to filter illegal images, Microsoft uses its own PhotoDNA technology. Microsoft's PhotoDNA is so good at comparing and identifying illegal images that major global operators such as Twitter are using it to detect and filter images. In order to meet the Korean government's testing standards, Microsoft has conducted more than 16 performance tests on "PhotoDNA for Video 2.0A," which is being applied to the Bing service, in cooperation with the Korea Communications Commission and Telecommunications Technology Association. In this paper, we analyze the cases that did not pass the standards and derive improvement measures related to adding logos. In addition, we propose to use three video datasets for the performance test of filtering against illegal videos.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• 제48집
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• pp.407-443
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• 2024

The relationship between finance, natural disasters and epidemics, the Liang Province Rebellion of mostly Qiang ethnic groups, and the occurrence of displaced persons in the Later Han Dynasty, is examined in this article. Also explored is the financial crisis that had started accumulating in the Later Han Dynasty, as well as the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the displacement of the people. It is argued in this research that the financial crisis had an influence on the occurrence. The Yellow Turban Rebellion began in 184, seventeenth year of Lingdi's reign. The rebellion was an incident that occurred due to a complex combination of natural calamities and man-made disasters. Various natural disasters during the Lingdi period, poor measures for immigration, and Lingdi's refusal to accept Yangci and Liu Tao's advice that the immigrants should return home were the direct causes of the Yellow Turban Rebellion. In short, the increase in military spending due to natural disasters and the Liang Province Rebellion caused financial deterioration were the direct causes of the Yellow turban rebellion. The Yellow Turban Rebellion was suppressed in less than a year. Therefore, the Yellow Turban Rebellion itself was not the cause of the collapse of the Later Han Dynasty. It was rather case that the great fire in South Palace in Luoyang, the capital of Later Han Dynasty, in 185, the increase in taxes of 10 qian per mu (畝) to rebuild the palace, the open and compulsory encouragement of the trafficking of official posts, and the exploitation of civil servants, which destabilized the population. Thereupon, rebellions broke out among the people in various places. Therefore, unlike the Yellow Turban Rebellion, the collapse of the Later Han Dynasty should be viewed as primarily the result of man-made calamities rather than natural disasters.