• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2000

The International Chamber of Commerce published the millennium edition of its standard trade definitions, Incoterms 2000. Incoterms are a basic reference for sales contracts, in constant daily use throughout the world. The new version will make it easier for traders to do business in the new century, despite the growing volume and complexity of international transactions. Since Incoterms were first published in 1936, they have been updated six times. They precisely define the responsibilities of buyer and seller and are recognized as the international standard by customs authorities and courts in all the main trading nations. It is important for traders to incorporate the correct Incoterms into their international contracts to avoid unnecessary legal problems. Courts may otherwise interpret trade terms according to often widely divergent national laws and unless the use of Incoterms is specified, expensive legal disputes can arise. Division of costs is a most important element in every contract of sale. The parties must know not only who does what but also how costs resulting therefrom should be divided between them. In most cases the fact that a party must do something means that he must also bear the resulting costs, unless otherwise agreed. But there are many exceptions to this principle and uncertainties arise, particularly with respect to services performed by other parties. Also, difficulties arise with respect to the division of costs whenever additional costs are caused by unexpected events, such as hindrances causing a ship to deviate or to remain in a seaport longer than expected. The main principle of the division of costs is clear enough: the seller has to pay costs necessary for the goods to reach the agreed point of delivery, and the buyer has to pay any further costs after that point. But as noted, it is not always easy to implement this principle in practice, since the detailed distribution of functions under the various trade terms is not and cannot be fully defined in Incoterms. Instead, failing precise stipulations in the contract of sale, guidance must be sought from other criteria such as commercial practices used earlier by the same parties or the custom of trade.

• 복식
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• 제61권9호
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• pp.131-147
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• 2011

This study puts the significance on the trends, the characteristics, the factors and background of the typical diversification of 2000's historical dramas and of their costume in conjunction with the popular culture. We analyzed the materials like the official web-sites, the articles and promotional photos based on 47 TV historical dramas and 21 historical movies. And we, approaching the characteristics of popular culture in connection with the social, cultural, economic, emotional and technical aspects, considered the trends of the historical dramas and their connection with the paradigms of the contemporary popular culture. The results of this analysis are summarized as follows. First, the 2000's historical dramas & their costume, in the process to widen communication with the public, rose the values of popular culture, economic values, traditional values. Second, the diversification of the costumes in historical dramas, derived from the diversification of the era Genre characters and this is related to the characteristics of popular culture in 2000's such as the diversity, the nature of mixture, flexibility and the orientation of variation. Third, the new media environment and the imaging technology of 2000's raised completeness of the historical dramas and their costume. As the technical background placed the emphasis on realistic representation. Fourth, the costume of historical dramas in 2000's reflected the intention of the production in consideration with the emotional aspects of popular culture.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제13B권3호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2006

현재 여러 응용 프로그램에서 이미지 전체를 전송 및 복원하기보다는 이미지의 일부 특정 영역이나 사용자 위주의 관심영역(ROI: Region-of-Interest)에 대한 우선적 처리가 요구되고 있다. 이러한 우선적 처리는 JPEG2000 표준 ROI 코딩 방법들을 비롯하여, 이를 보완한 새로운 ROI 코딩 방법들에 대한 연구가 최근까지 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 모든 응용에 적합한 ROI 코딩 방법은 존재하지 않는다. 본 연구는 JPEG2000 응용에서 적절한 ROI 코딩 방법을 적용하기 위하여 요구사항에 따른 ROI 코딩 방법의 선택 기준을 제시하고, 선택된 방법에 대하여 효율적인 매개변수 값을 결정할 수 있도록 실험 결과를 제시한다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2004

Purpose : To determine the proper image compression method and ratio without image quality degradation in intraoral digital radiographic images, comparing the discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based JPEG with the wavelet-based JPEG 2000 algorithm. Materials and Methods : Thirty extracted sound teeth and thirty extracted teeth with occlusal caries were used for this study. Twenty plaster blocks were made with three teeth each. They were radiographically exposed using CDR sensors (Schick Inc., Long Island, USA). Digital images were compressed to JPEG format, using Adobe Photoshop v.7.0 and JPEG 2000 format using Jasper program with compression ratios of 5 : 1,9 : 1, 14 : 1,28 : 1 each. To evaluate the lesion detectability, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed by the three oral and maxillofacial radiologists. To evaluate the image quality, all the compressed images were assessed subjectively using 5 grades, in comparison to the original uncompressed images. Results: Compressed images up to compression ratio of 14 : 1 in JPEG and 28 : 1 in JPEG 2000 showed nearly the same the lesion detectability as the original images. In the subjective assessment of image quality, images up to compression ratio of 9 : 1 in JPEG and 14 : 1 in JPEG 2000 showed minute mean paired differences from the original Images. Conclusion : The results showed that the clinically acceptable compression ratios were up to 9 : 1 for JPEG and 14 : 1 for JPEG 2000. The wavelet-based JPEG 2000 is a better compression method, comparing to DCT-based JPEG for intraoral digital radiographic images.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2004

Window환경 하에서 사용이 간편하면서도 다양한 통계량을 제공하는 비선형회귀분석을 위 한 통계소프트웨어 NLIN2000을 소개한다. 기존의 DOS용 프로그램을 업그레이드한 것으로 다른 통계 팩키지들에 비하여 모형식의 설정 및 적합과정이 간편하고, 모형식 저장 및 삭제, 모형식 형태 보기 등의 기능을 제공한다. NLIN2000은 비선형회귀분석에 대한 통계적 이론을 연구하는 통계전공자들에게 필수적인 각종 통계량을 제공해줄 뿐만 아니라, 실제 현장에서 비선형모형을 사용하여 분석하는 다른 학문분야의 연구자들에게도 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 디지털시네마의 효율적인 배급을 위해서 시각적 무손실 압축 개념을 도입하여 정리하고 효과를 분석한다. 최근 디지털시네마 배급은 DCI에서 채택한 JPEG 2000을 영상 압축 표준으로 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 DCI 규격에 정의된 JPEG 2000의 특징을 살펴본 후, 디지털시네마에서 중요한 시각적 무손실 개념을 정리한다. 실험을 통해 DCI 규격에서 규정한 방식으로 JPEG 2000의 압축성능을 시각적 무손실 관점에서 평가했으며, 그 결과 영화 배급에 필요한 품질 기준을 만족하는 것으로 판단된다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2008

국내 접지시스템 설계시 가장 널리 사용되는 것은 ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000이나 국내 접지설계 환경의 적정성 여부는 검토되고 있지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 국내 접지설계 환경을 고려한 새로운 접지도체의 굵기 산정방법과 접지도체의 위험전압 산정방법, 접지도체의 Grid간격 산정방법을 적용하여 ANSI/IEEE Std.80-2000을 보완한 새로운 접지시스템 설계 방법을 제시하였다. 또한 ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000 Annex B의 사례연구를 통해 IEEE Std. 80에 의한 방식과 비교 검토하여 신뢰성과 경제성을 검증하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-36
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• 2000

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 추계종합학술대회 논문집(1)
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• pp.197-200
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• 2000

In this paper, The RF system of W-CDMA receiver is designed and the performance is analyzed. The linearity characteristic and the noise characteristic are presented in the performance. The linearity characteristic is analyzed by PN and IIP3. The noise characteristic is analyzed by NF. In addition, sweeping of the nonlinear components parameter affecting the linear performance is tested and the most maximal possible parameter to maintain the linear performance is introduced. The transceiver RF system of W-CDMA and cdma2000 is designed and presented adapting the nonlinear parameter introduced.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2004년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(1)
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• pp.197-200
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• 2004

In this paper, a novel triple-band planar inverted F antenna(PIFA) is proposed. The goal of this paper is to design a small antenna which is operated in triple band. Using T-shape slit and stacked U-shape parasitic patch, good impedance matching is achieved in three band. T-shape slit is inserted on the main patch in order to effectively control the excited patch surface current distributions. The proposed antenna occupies a small volume of $26{\times}9.5{\times}6mm^3$, and the obtained impedance bandwidths cover the required operating bandwidths of the GPS(1565-1585MHz), IMT-2000(1885-2200MHz) and Bluetooth (2400-2484MHz) bands.