• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.189-211
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• 2005

This paper makes an effort to compare the recently evolved soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) with the traditional hard classification methods based on Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithms in order to achieve appropriate results for mapping, monitoring and preserving valuable coastal wetland ecosystems of southern India using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image data. ISODATA and MLC methods were attempted on these satellite image data to produce maps of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wetland classes for each of three contrast coastal wetland sites, Pitchavaram, Vedaranniyam and Rameswaram. The accuracy of the derived classes was assessed with the simplest descriptive statistic technique called overall accuracy and a discrete multivariate technique called KAPPA accuracy. ISODATA classification resulted in maps with poor accuracy compared to MLC classification that produced maps with improved accuracy. However, there was a systematic decrease in overall accuracy and KAPPA accuracy, when more number of classes was derived from IRS-1C/1D and Landsat-5 TM imagery by ISODATA and MLC. There were two principal factors for the decreased classification accuracy, namely spectral overlapping/confusion and inadequate spatial resolution of the sensors. Compared to the former, the limited instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of these sensors caused occurrence of number of mixture pixels (mixels) in the image and its effect on the classification process was a major problem to deriving accurate wetland cover types, in spite of the increasing spatial resolution of new generation Earth Observation Sensors (EOS). In order to improve the classification accuracy, a soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) was described to calculate the spectral mixture and classify IRS-1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 TM Imagery. This method considered number of reflectance end-members that form the scene spectra, followed by the determination of their nature and finally the decomposition of the spectra into their endmembers. To evaluate the LSMM areal estimates, resulted fractional end-members were compared with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ground truth data, as well as those estimates derived from the traditional hard classifier (MLC). The findings revealed that NDVI values and vegetation fractions were positively correlated ($r^2$= 0.96, 0.95 and 0.92 for Rameswaram, Vedaranniyam and Pitchavaram respectively) and NDVI and soil fraction values were negatively correlated ($r^2$ =0.53, 0.39 and 0.13), indicating the reliability of the sub-pixel classification. Comparing with ground truth data, the precision of LSMM for deriving moisture fraction was 92% and 96% for soil fraction. The LSMM in general would seem well suited to locating small wetland habitats which occurred as sub-pixel inclusions, and to representing continuous gradations between different habitat types.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.351-361
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• 2003

As the launches of a series of remote sensing satellites, there are various multiresolution and multi-spectral images available nowadays. This diversity in remotely sensed image data has created a need to be able to integrate data from different sources. The C-band imaging radar of ERS-2 due to its high sensitivity to coastal wetlands holds tremendous potential in mapping and monitoring coastal wetland features. This paper investigates the advantages of using ERS-2 SAR data combined with IRS-ID LISS-3 data for mapping complex coastal wetland features of Tamil Nadu, southern India. We present a methodology in this paper that highlights the mapping potential of different combinations of filtering and integration techniques. The methodology adopted here consists of three major steps as following: (i) speckle noise reduction by comparative performance of different filtering algorithms, (ii) geometric rectification and coregistration, and (iii) application of different integration techniques. The results obtained from the analysis of optical and microwave image data have proved their potential use in improving interpretability of different coastal wetland features of southern India. Based visual and statistical analyzes, this study suggests that brovey transform will perform well in terms of preserving spatial and spectral content of the original image data. It was also realized that speckle filtering is very important before fusing optical and microwave data for mapping coastal mangrove wetland ecosystem.