• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

This study was conducted to suggest the measurement procedure and to build up national greenhouse gas inventory database of animal agricultural sector by assessing methane and nitrous oxide emissions according to IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventory report in order to correspond to the Climate Change Convention. Ten house-made steady-state Half dome floating chambers were used to collect air samples emitted from slurry stored in the pit under the slat. Those chambers were spread out in order that air samples might represent the whole area of slurry under the slat. Fresh air was pumped into the chambers by $5{\sim}9{\ell}/min$ and air inside the chambers was sampled by $1{\ell}/min$. Surplus air by the higher flow rate of fresh air than sampling flow rate was passed through a hole on the top of chambers. Nitrous oxide fluxes measured from 10 locations would be negligible as concentrations between background air and sampled air from the chambers were within the error range. However, mean $CH_4$ fluxes were $0.15{\sim}1.02mg/m^2{\cdot}s$. The application of continuous greenhouse gas measurement techniques would be preferred if the patterns of greenhouse gas emissions are considered.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.507-517
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• 2010

This study estimated the amount of carbon stocks in harvested wood products (HWP) using accounting approaches suggested by 2006 IPCC guidelines and analyzed the impacts of different approaches on national greenhouse gas inventory and the forest sector in Korea. The change in carbon stocks was calculated at the level of semi-finished wood products, which cover sawnwood, wood-based panels, other industrial wood, paper and paperboard. An estimation of the changes in carbon stocks in HWP in use for the period 1970~2008 varied between -9,023 Gg $CO_2$/yr and 4,052 Gg $CO_2$/yr depending on the accounting approach used. The stock-change approach provided the most favorable results because Korea was a net importer of wood products. However, each approach generates different impacts on harvest, trade, the use of wood for energy production and recycling. When deciding its position on accounting approach, thus, the Government should consider future direction of national forest policies as well as the effect on national greenhouse gas inventory for the minimization of negative impacts resulting from its selection.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.40-52
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• 2011

In this study, $CO_2$ emission quantities by spatial characteristics using GIS were investigated for building a $CO_2$ emission inventory. Eventually, this study provides the guidelines to build the urban spatial structure for reducing greenhouse gas and contributes to the transition to environmental friendly green city. The attribute data for GIS were energy (electricity and gas) usage in the city of Daegu for 2009 and used for Tier 1 as suggested by the IPCC guideline to estimate amount of $CO_2$ emission. The spatial data were built based on land use types categorized by building purposes with connecting building registers to cadastral maps for Daegu city. Spatial $CO_2$ emission quantities could be calculated by combining $CO_2$ emission inventory for energy and GIS. Also, $CO_2$ emission characteristics were different by land use types.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.132-144
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• 2023

Recently, the frequency and intensity of heat waves due to the increase in climate change temperature are increasing. Therefore, this study tried to compare the evaluation process and evaluation results of the heat wave disaster evaluation, which is the government's analysis of the heat wave disaster vulnerability and the risk evaluation method recently emphasized by the IPCC. The analysis of climate change disaster vulnerability is evaluated based on manuals and guidelines prepared by the government. Risk evaluation can be evaluated as the product of the possibility of a disaster and its impact, and it is evaluated using the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation based on Bayesian estimation method, which uses prior information to infer posterior probability. As a result of the analysis, the two evaluation results for Busan Metropolitan City differed slightly in the spatial distribution of areas vulnerable to heat waves. In order to properly evaluate disaster vulnerable areas due to climate change, the process and results of climate change disaster vulnerability analysis and risk assessment must be reviewed, and consider each methodology and countermeasures must be prepared.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.515-522
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate a new stem volume table for estimating the growth, carbon storage, and greenhouse gas (GHG) absorption in Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa stands and to provide suggestions for improving the domestic GHG inventory. Carbon storage and GHG absorption were estimated using growing stock data obtained from invariable sub-sample plots between the 6^th and 7^th national forest inventories. We assessed changes in growing stock using the parameters employed by Kozak (1988) and Versions 1 and 2 of the stem volume table. Version 2 has new stem tables for 16 species, including Cryptomeria japonica, which were unavailable in Version 1. Version 2 also includes new data for trees with diameters at breast height equal to or greater than 30 cm. We found greater growing stock values using Version 2 than Version 1 for both stands, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.001). Applying the new stem volume table increased GHG absorption by 22% for the Cryptomeria japonica stand and 13% for the Chamaecyparis obtusa stand. The growing stock estimation method used in this study should therefore be applied to re-estimate GHG absorptions in the forestry sector to produce accurate statistics for the IPCC guidelines.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.88-100
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• 2018

Methane emissions from rice paddies are the largest source of greenhouse gases in the agricultural sector, but there are significant regional differences depending on the surrounding conditions and cultivation practices. To visualize these differences and to analyze their causes and characteristics, the methane emissions from each administrative district in South Korea were calculated according to the IPCC guidelines using the data from the 2010 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Census, and then the results were mapped by using the ArcGIS. The nationwide average of methane emissions per unit area was $380{\pm}74kg\;CH_4\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. The western region showed a trend toward higher values than the eastern region. One of the major causes resulting in such regional differences was the $SF_o$ (scaling factor associated with the application of organic matter), where the number of cultivation days played an important role to either offset or deepen the differences. Comparison of our results against the actual methane emissions data observed by eddy covariance flux measurement in the three KoFlux rice paddy sites in Gimje, Haenam and Cheorwon showed some differences but encouraging results with a difference of 10 % or less depending on the sites and years. Using the updated GWP (global warming potential) value of 28, the national total methane emission in 2010 was estimated to be $8,742,000tons\;CO_2eq$ - 13% lower than that of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report (i.e., $10,048,000tons\;CO_2eq$). The administrative districts-based map of methane emissions developed in this study can help identify the regional differences, and the analysis of their key controlling factors will provide important scientific basis for the practical policy makings for methane mitigation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.828-832
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• 2013

To report country-specific carbon and nitrogen stocks data in a pear orchard by Tier 3 approach of 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, an experimental pear orchard field of the Pear Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Naju, Korea ($35^{\circ}01^{\prime}27.70N$, $126^{\circ}44^{\prime}53.50^{\prime\prime}E$, 6 m altitude), where 15-year-old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) trees were planted at a $5.0m{\times}3.0m$ spacing on a Tatura trellis system, was chosen to assess the total amount of carbon and nitrogen stocks stored in the trees and orchard soil profiles. At the sampling time (August 2012), three trees were uprooted, and separated into six fractions: trunk, main branches, lateral branches (including shoots), leaves, fruits, and roots. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 0.6 m depth at 0.1 m intervals at 0.5 m from the trunk. Dry mass per tree was 4.7 kg for trunk, 13.3 kg for main branches, 13.9 kg for lateral branches, 3.7 kg for leaves, 6.7 kg for fruits, and 14.1 kg for roots. Amounts of C and N per tree were respectively 2.3 and 0.02 kg for trunk, 6.4 and 0.07 kg for main branches, 6.4 and 0.09 kg for lateral branches, 6.5 and 0.07 kg for roots, 1.7 and 0.07 kg for leaves, and 3.2 and 0.03 kg for fruits. Carbon and nitrogen stocks stored between the soil surface and a depth of 60 cm were 138.29 and $13.31Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively, while those contained in pear trees were 17.66 and $0.23Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ based on a tree density of 667 $trees{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. Overall, carbon and nitrogen stocks per hectare stored in a pear orchard were 155.95 and 13.54 Mg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2008

This study was performed to estimate non-$CO_2$ greenhouse gases (i.e., GHGs) emission from biomass burning at a local scale. Estimation of non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission was conducted using Landsat TM satellite imagery in order to assess the damage degree in burnt area and its effect on non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission. This approach of estimation was based on the protocol of the 2003 IPCC Guidelines. In this study, we used one of the most severe fire cases occurred Samcheock in April, 2004. Landsat TM satellite imageries of pre- and post-fire were used 1) to calculate delta normalized burn ratio (dNBR) for analyzing burnt area and burn severity of the Samcheok large-fire and 2) to quantify non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission from different size of the burnt area and the damage degree. The analysis of dNBR of the Samcheok large-fire indicated that the total burnt area was 16,200ha and the size of the burnt area differed with the burn severity: out of the total burnt area, the burn severities of Low (dNBR < 152), Moderate (dNBR = 153-190), and High (dNBR = 191-255) were 35%, 33%, and 32%, respectively. It was estimated that the burnt areas of coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and mixed forest were about 11,506ha (77%), 453ha (3%), and 2,978ha (20%), respectively. The magnitude of non-$CO_2$ GHGs emissions from the Samcheok large-fire differed significantly, showing 93% of CO (44.100Gg), 6.4% of CH4 (3.053Gg), 0.5% of $NO_x$ (0.238Gg), and 0.1% of $N_2O$ (0.038Gg). Although there were little changes in the total burnt area by the burn severity, there were differences in the emission of non-$CO_2$ GHGs with the degree of the burn severity. The maximum emission of non-$CO_2$ GHGs occurred in moderate burn severity, indicating 47% of the total emission.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Methane ($CH_4$) emission is calculated using the default $CH_4$ emission factor as recommended by the International Panel on Climate Change(IPCC guidelines). However, the default emission factor has been derived using including the data from other countries having different soil and environmental conditions and may not reflect the real $CH_4$ emission rates in Korea. The objective of this study was to estimate the baseline emission factor of $CH_4$ in Korean paddy soils during rice cultivation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Methane emission patterns were characterized in four different paddy soils across country for a consecutive 3 years during the rice cultivation period. Rice plants were cultivated under continuous flooding and fertilized using the recommended chemical fertilization in Korea ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=90-45-57kg/ha). The mean $CH_4$ emission rate was 2.32 kg $CH_4$/ha/day and the uncertainty of the investigated data was 21.7%, with a valuable error range at 1.82-2.82 kg $CH_4$/ha/day with a 95% confidence interval. CONCLUSION(S): Conclusively, the Korean paddy soils' baseline emission factor of $CH_4$ is approximately 2.32 kg $CH_4$/ha/day and can be used to estimate the $CH_4$ emissions more exactly.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.747-754
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• 2009

In this study, which aims to estimate the volume of greenhouse gas emitted by road transportation vehicles in Changwon City, the emission rate was calculated on the basis of the actual traffic volume measured at major crossroads and compared with the results obtained from the methodology used to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of road transportation provided in the IPCC 2006 GL guidelines (Tier 1, Tier 3). Analysis of the results of the comparison showed that the Tier 1 methodology, which was applied in the estimation of the rate of greenhouse gas emissions, carries a high probability of underestimation, while the Tier 3 methodology carries a relatively high probability of overestimation. Therefore, when considering the assignment of permissible rates of emission to local governments, the application of the methodology, i.e. whether one uses Tier 1 or Tier 3, may result in a large difference in the rate of allowable emissions. It is suggested that a method based on the actual volume of traffic would be the most reasonable one with regard to the development of a realistic plan.