• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.611-617
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• 1990

This study was conducted to breed a high vitamin $B_{12}$ producer by the fusion of protoplasts between Bacillus natto and Bacillus megaterium. Auxotrophic mutants of Bacillus natto SH-34 ($thr^-try^-rif^r$) and Bacillus megaterium BK-13 ($arg^-ade^-lys^-str^r$) which showed high protease activity and production of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively, were isolated for the fusion experiment. Protoplasts were induced by incubating the cells with lysis solution containing $500{\mu}/ml$ lysozyme, and the ratio of protoplast and regeneration formation were ranged from 99% and 67%, respectively. Fusion frequencies of fusants between Bacillus natto SH-34 and Bacillus megaterium BK-13 were appeared in the ranges of $1.0{\times}10^{-5}$ under the treatment of 30% PEG 6000 containing 3% PVP. The fusant, MNF-72 showed the highest product yield of $7.85{\mu}g/g-cell\;vitamin\;B_{12}$ in production medium. For the improvement of productivity, the immobilization of fusants with sodium alginate was carried out. In batch and continuous fermentation systems, the productivity were determined to be $0.58{\mu}g/ml.hr\;and\;0.80{\mu}g/ml.hr\;vitamin\;B_{12}$ under optimum condition, respectivity.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2013

In an intra-alveolar root fracture (IARF) of a primary tooth with severe mobility and displacement, extraction and periodic-follow-up is the choice of recommended treatments because of the fear of aspiration of the mobile tooth and the possibility of damage in the permanent succeeding tooth. However, repositioning and splinting are presented as a fresh proposal recently. In case of extracting a primary incisor, many problems occur; esthetic problems; functional problems such as pronunciation and mastication; space loss; and psychological and social problems. Therefore, the best treatment is conservation of the primary tooth. The aim of this report was to suggest the conservative treatment of an Intra-alveolar root fracture of the primary central incisors with severe mobility and displacement based on two cases that describe the diagnoses, treatments and follow-ups (mean period: 27-month). All cases have been treated by reduction and immobilization by resin wire splint (RWS) (mean period: 6-week). Both cases were followed up until the successors were erupted. There have been no complications such as pain, pulp necrosis, periapical lesion, displacement of permanent tooth germ, eruption disturbance and etc.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2003

Background : According to the study in ICOPER (International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry), the overall mortality rate of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE) at 3 months is 17.4%. According to the study for current status of APTE in Japan, the hospital mortality rate is 14%. Although the incidence and mortality rate of APTE has been increasing, patient characteristics, management strategies, and outcome of APTE in the Korean population have not yet been assessed in large series. We therefore performed the national survey for the current status of APTE in the Korean population. Methods : 808 registry patients with APTE were analyzed with respect to clinical characteristics, risk factors, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and clinical outcome. Results : Main risk factors were immobilization, recent major surgery, and cancer. Common symptoms were dyspnea and chest pain. Common signs were tachypnea and tachycardia. The majority of registry patients underwent lung perfusion scanning. Spiral CT was used in 309 patients(42.9%), and angiography in 48 patients(7.9%). Heparin was the most widely used treatment. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, onset in hospital (odds ratio 1.88, p=0.0385), lung cancer (odds ratio 9.20, p=0.0050), tachypnea (odds ratio 3.50, p=0.0001), shock (odds ratio 6.74, p=0.0001), and cyanosis (odds ratio 3.45, p=0.0153) were identified as significant prognostic factors. The overall mortality rate was 16.9% and mortality associated with APTE was 9.0%. Conclusions : The present registry demonstrated the clinical characteristics, diagnostic strategies, management and outcome of patient with APTE in Korea. The mortality rate was 9.0%, and the predictors of mortality were onset in hospital, lung cancer, tachypnea, shock, and cyanosis. These results may be important for risk stratification as well as for the identification of potential candidates for more aggressive treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.164-171
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• 2014

A highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose sensor has gained great attention because of simple signal transformation, low-cost, easily handling, and confirming the blood glucose as the representative technology. Until now, glucose sensor has been developed by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the surface of electrodes. However although GOx is quite stable compared with other enzymes, the enzyme-based biosensors are still impacted by various environment factors such as temperature, pH value, humidity, and toxic chemicals. Non-enzymatic sensor for direct detecting glucose is an attractive alternative device to overcome the above drawbacks of enzymatic sensor. Many efforts have been tried for the development of non-enzymatic sensors using various transition metals (Pt, Au, Cu, Ni, etc.), metal alloys (Pt-Pb, Pt-Au, Ni-Pd, etc.), metal oxides, carbon nanotubes and graphene. In this paper, we show that Ni-based nano-particles (NiNPs) exhibit remarkably catalyzing capability for glucose originating from the redox couple of $Ni(OH)_2/NiOOH$ on the surface of ITO electrode in alkaline medium. But, these non-enzymatic sensors are nonselective toward oxidizable species such as ascorbic acid the physiological fluid. So, the anionic polymer was coated on NiNPs electrode preventing the interferences. The oxidation of glucose was highly catalyzed by NiNPs. The catalytically anodic currents were linearly increased in proportion to the glucose concentration over the 0~6.15 mM range at 650 mV versus Ag/AgCl.

• Clean Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 1998

Continuous immobilized-cell culture was carried out for the production of kasugamycin, a secondary metabolite by a filamentous bacteria, Streptomyces kasugaensis, with an intention of reducing waste generation. A sporulation medium was developed for production of bulk amounts of spores, and the spores were entrapped into celite biosupports for immobilization. It was possible to effectively keep the immobilized-cells inside the reactor during the continuous culture by an efficient immobilized cell separator of decantor type on the outlet of the fermentor. Using this continuous immobilized-cell fermentor system, we investigated the effects of feed substrate and phosphate concentrations on kasugamycin production and chemical oxygen demand(COD). Comparing with the conventional suspended-cell batch culture, the kasugamycin productivity was observed to increase by 2.5 times, whereas COD per unit kasugamycin production decreased by 2.3 times in the continuous immobilized-cell culture. Based on these results, the continuous immobilized-cell system was considered to be a cleaner bioprocess than the conventional batch suspended-cell system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.345-348
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• 2015

An organic solvent stable lipase from solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas sp. BCNU 171 had an optimal pH of 8 and an optimal temperature of 37℃. This crude extracellular lipase from BCNU 171 exhibited increased stability in the presence of various types of solvents at high concentrations (25%, v/v). The lipase stability was found to be highest in the presence of xylene (137%), followed by toluene (131%), octane (130%), and butanol (104%). Overall, BCNU 171 lipase tended to be more stable than immobilized commercial lipase (Novozyme435) in the presence of organic solvents. Furthermore, BCNU 171 lipase maintained about 90% of its enzyme original activity in the presence of NH₄⁺, Na⁺, Ba²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ca²⁺ion and significantly increased its enzyme activity in the presence of various emulsifying agents. Thus, the organic solvent stable lipase from Pseudomonas sp. BCNU 171 could be usable as a potential whole cell biocatalyst and for synthetic applications of enzymes for industrial chemical processes in organic solvents without using immobilization.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2006

The primary objective of this study is to determine whether a diet supplemented with brown rice koji (BRK) results in a reduced stress response in rats and mice. BRK, which has been suggested as a candidate for use as a stress- and fatigue-fighting supplement, was compared with red ginseng extract (RG) for its stress-reducing potential. The animals in this study were divided into no-stress, stress, RG, and BRK groups of 8 to 10 animals each. Stress was induced by means of immobilization (being restrained in plastic tubes for 30 min and electroshock (0.5 mA in mice or 2 mA in rats for 5 min). The no-stress group was not exposed to stress. Rats in the RG group received oral doses of 200 mg RG extract/kg body weight daily. The BRK group was fed a 30% BRK diet and exposed to stress. Animals were given supplements for 7 days before being exposed to stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with exposure to stress. When the stress exposure ended, the animals were observed for stress-related changes in behavior and their plasma corticosterone levels were measured. BRK supplementation was associated with a partial blockade of the effects of stress on locomotion and elevated plus-maze test results in rats and mice. It was also associated with a partial reduction in stress-induced behaviors such as freezing, burrowing, smelling, face-washing, and rearing. BRK supplementation did not have a significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels, which were increased in the animals exposed to stress (p<0.01). The mice in the RG group received RG in water (2 mg RG/ mL $H_2O$), and the BRK group received a 30% BRK diet (weight) for 7 days. Both groups were evaluated for signs of fatigue. BRK supplementation increased endurance, as indicated by time on the rota-rod, in cold water, and on the horizontal wire. These results suggest that BRK supplementation partially protects the animal from the effects of stress and may also contribute to resistance to fatigue on physical exertion.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.100-116
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• 2002

There are several purpose to introduce microorganism into the Soil. The major purpose is to promote plant growth and inhibit plant pathogens. The model example is to put in nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria, Pythium and Rhizobium. In order to achieve the intended goal, the introduced microorganism should survive and colonize with sufficient density. The survival of introduced microorganism depend upon biotic and abiotic factors. Predation and competition are important among biotic factor. Water tension, organic carbon, inorganic nutrients(N, P), pH are important factor among abiootic factor. Soil texture and distribution of soil pore are also important in the survival and colonization of introduced microorganism. Selection by soil ecosystem for inoculant is a crucial factor for colonization. Good example are control of autochtonous microorganism and the introduction of surfactant biodegrading Pseudomonas. Sometimes, carriers such as peat and montmorillonite can be added to help colonization. Carriers can protect introduced microorganism by supplying protective microhabitat. Organic polymer is also used as a carrier to immobilize bacteria or industrial enzymes. Examples of these carrier are calcium alginate, agarose and k-carrageenan. The function of these carrier is to provide microhabitat and help colonization for introduced microorganism.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.275-279
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• 1993

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a syndrome characterized by persistent, burning pain, hyperpathia, allodynia & hyperaesthesia in an extremity, with concurrent evidence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. It generally develops after nerve injury, trauma, surgery, et al. The most successful therapies are directed towards blocking the sympathetic intervention to the affected extremity by regional sympathetic ganglion block or Bier block with sympathetic blocker; other traditional treatments include transcutaneous electrical stimulation, immobilization with cast & splint, physical therapy, psychotherapy, administration of sympathetic blocker, calcitonin, corticosteroid and analgesic agents. The purpose of this report is to evaluate and describe the effects of magnetic resonance following unsatisfactory results with traditional treatments of RSD. A 17 year old female patient, 1 year earlier, had received excision and drainage of pus at the right femoral triangle due to an injury caused by a stone. Afterwards, she experienced burning pain, knee joint stiffness, and muscle dystrophy of the right thigh, especially when standing and walking. Despite a year of number of traditional treatments such as: lumbar sympathetic block, continuous epidural analgesia, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, & administration of predisolone, her pain did not improve. Surprisingly, the patients was able to walk free from pain and difficulty after just one application of magnetic resonance. The patient has been successfully treated with further treatment of two to three times a week for approximately ten weeks. More recently, magnetic resonance has been demonstrated to produce effective results for the relief of pain in a variety of diseases. From our experiences we recognize magnetic resonance as a therapeutic modality which can provide excellent results for the treatment of RSD. It has been suggested that polysynaptic reflex which are disturbed in RSD may be modulated normally on the spinal cord level through the application of magnetic resonance.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 1993

Clonidine, a centrally-acting antihypertensive agent known to reduce central sympathetic outflow and modulate presynaptic transmitter's release, has shown to suppress central noradrenergic hyperactivity induced by immobilization stress in animals, by decreasing the MAC of halothane and the dose of narcotics required to prevent reflex cardiovascular response to noxious stimuli, and to have potent analgesic properties in humans. These characteristics suggest that clonidine might be a useful adjunct to the anesthetic management of patients with preexisting hypertension. Accordingly, we determined the clinical efficacy and safety on analgesia, sedation and hemodynamic stability in the perioperative period. Thirty patients(ASA physical status II-III) with a history of arterial hypertension, scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery were randomly assigned to two groups. We applied CPA-clonidine patch($6.9\;mg/cm^2$, 0.2 mg delivered daily) or placebo patch to each groups, 48 hours prior to induction of anesthesia. Antihypertensive medication was continued until the morning of the scheduled surgery. All patients received premedication of atropine and lorazepam, and induced anesthesia with thiopental and succinylcholine, and maintained with enflurane and 50% nitrous oxide, while sustaining the BP and pulse rate at acceptable range. For the relief of pain postoperatively, diclofenac and fentanyl were administered intramuscularly on demand. The results were as follows: 1) The change of hemodynamic responses in clonidine group was less compared to the placebo group. 2) Intraoperative anesthetic requirement for enflurane in clonidine group were significantly lower than placebo group. 3) Postoperative analgetic requirement in clonidine group were significantly lower than placebo group. In clonidine group, 5 cases out of 15 cases were required no analgetics, and the incidence of administration of additional fentanyl was decreased to 5 cases, comparing with 10 cases in placebo group.