• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2003

The Intelligent Power Unit (IPU) utilized in Honda's Civic Hybrid Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) system was developed with the aim of making every component lighter, more compact and more efficient than those in the former model. To reduce energy loss, inverter efficiency was increased by fine patterning of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) chips, 12V DC-DC converter efficiency was increased by utilizing soft-switching, and the internal resistance of the IMA battery was lowered by modifying the electrodes and the current collecting structure. These improvements reduced the amount of heat generated by the unit components and made it possible to combine the previously separated Power Control Unit (PCU) and battery cooling systems into a single system. Consolidation of these two cooling circuits into one has reduced the volume of the newly developed IPU by 42% compared to the former model.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.773-788
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• 2000

Statistical process control (SPC) and engineering process control (EPC) are based on different strategies for processes quality improvement. SPC reduces process variability by detecting and eliminating special causes of process variation. while EPC reduces process variability by adjusting compensatory variables to keep the quality variable close to target. Recently there has been needs for a process control proceduce which combines the tow strategies. This paper considers a combined scheme which simultaneously applies SPC and EPC techniques to reduce the variation of a process. The process model under consideration is an integrated moving average(IMA) process with a step shift. The EPC part of the scheme adjusts the process back to target at every fixed monitoring intervals, which is referred to a repeated adjustment scheme. The SPC part of the scheme uses an exponentially weighted moving average(EWMA) of observed deviation from target to detect special causes. A Markov chain model is developed to relate the scheme's expected cost per unit time to the design parameters of he combined control scheme. The expected cost per unit time is composed of off-target cost, adjustment cost, monitoring cost, and false alarm cost.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2014

모듈통합형 항공전자시스템은 연방형의 LRU (line replaceable unit)의 기능을 하나의 LRM (line replaceable module)에서 제공하고, 하나의 cabinet에 여러 개의 LRM을 탑재한다. IMA core 시스템의 VPM (video processing module)은 LRM으로써 ARINC 818 ADVB (avionics digital video bus)의 bridge 및 gateway 역할을 한다. ARINC 818은 광 대역폭, 적은 지연시간, 비 압축 디지털영상 전송을 위해 개발된 규격이다. VPM의 FPGA IP core는 ARINC 818 to DVI 또는 DVI to ARINC 818 처리와 video decoder, overlay 기능을 가진다. 본 논문에서는 VPM 하드웨어 구현에 대해 다루고, VPM 기능과 IP core 성능 검증 결과를 보인다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2006

Traditional statistical process control (SPC) applied to discrete part industry in the form of control charts can look for and eliminate assignable causes by process monitoring. On the other hand, engineering process control (EPC) applied to the process industry in the form of feedback control can maintain the process output on the target by continual adjustment of input variable. This study presents controlling and monitoring rules adopted by variable sampling interval (VSI) to change sampling intervals in a predetermined fashion on the predicted process levels under integrated EPC and SPC systems. Twelve rules classified by EPC schemes(MMSE, constrained PI, bounded or deadband adjustment policy) and type of sampling interval combined with EWMA chart of SPC are proposed under IMA (1,1) disturbance model and zero-order (responsive) dynamic system. Properties of twelve control rules under three patterns of process change (sudden shift, drift and random shift) are evaluated and discussed through simulation and control rules for integrated VSI EPC and SPC systems are recommended.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.429-436
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• 2009

통합공정관리의 기본절차는 잡음이 내재하는 공정에 수정조치를 취하여 공정 편차를 백색잡음으로 전환하도록 하여 공정제곱편차를 최소화하게 된다. 이러한 수정활동 중 공정에 이상원인이 발생하면 관리도를 통하여 이를 탐지하고 제거하게 된다. 수정된 공정은 이상원인 발생 전에는 백색잡음이 되지만, 이상원인 발생 후에는 다양한 형태의 시계열 모형으로 변환하게 된다. 만일 수정된 공정을 탐지하여 이상원인의 신호가 있을 경우 교정활동을 통하여 이를 제거해야 하지만, 교정활동의 비용이 많이 발생하거나 또는 구조적으로 이를 제거할 수 없는 경우에는 이상원인의 효과를 감안하여 수정활동을 재조정해야 할 것이다. 이 논문에서는 공정모형으로 IMA(1,1) 모형을 가정하고 통합공정관리 절차를 수행하는 경우, 이상신호 발생 후 재수정 절차를 제안한다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1123-1135
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• 2011

다변량 통합공정관리의 기본절차는 잡음이 내재하는 공정에 수정조치를 취하여 공정편차를 백색 잡음으로 전환하도록 하여 공정제곱편차를 최소화하게 되는 것이며, 이러한 다변량 통합공정관리의 수정활동을 하는 경우 공정에 이상원인이 발생하면 관리도를 통해 이를 탐지하고 제거하게 된다. 수정된 공정은 이상원인 발생 전에는 백색잡음이지만, 이상원인 발생 후 다양한 형태의 시계열 모형으로 변환하게 된다. 만약 수정된 공정을 탐지하여 이상원인의 신호가 발생한 경우 교정활동을 통하여 이를 제거해야 하지만, 구조적으로 교정이 불가능 하거나 교정활동의 비용이 많이 발생하는 경우에는이상원인의 효과를 감안하여 수정활동을 재조정해야할 것이다. 이 논문에서는 공정모형으로 다변량 IMA(1,1)모형을 가정하고 다변량 통합공정관리 절차를 수행하는 경우 이상신호가 발생한 후 재수정 절차를 제안한다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.357-365
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• 2010

통합공정관리란 잡음이 내재하는 공정에 대하여 수정조치를 취하고, 수정활동 중 공정에 이상원인이 발생하면 이를 관리도를 통해 탐지하여 제거하는 절차를 일컫는다. 이 논문에서는 공정의 잡음모형으로 IMA(1,1) 모형을 가정하고 최소평균제곱오차 수정절차를 수행할 때 일반화가능도비 관리도를 사용하여 이상원인을 탐지하는 절차를 고려하고 있으며, 이러한 상황에서 일반화가능도비 관리도의 관리한계를 설정하는 설계 방법을 제안하였다. 이상원인의 효과로는 공정 평균의 지속적 변화와 지속적 흐름 그리고 공정 분산의 지속적 변화를 고려하였다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the treatment of hallux valgus with metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 19 patients (21 feet) who had been treated by metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation for the moderate or severe hallux valgus with increased distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), between 1999 and 2004. They were followed prospectively for a minimum of 20 months. Functional outcomes were measured via Hallux metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal (HMI) scale and Mayo clinic forefoot scoring system (FFSS). Radiographically, we assessed pre, postoperative and at the last follow-up, the hallux valgus angle (HVA), 1st and 2nd intermetararsal angle (IMA), DMAA. Results: The average preoperative HVA, IMA, DMAA measured $36.76^{\circ}$, $13.62^{\circ}$, $26.00^{\circ}$, respectively. At the last follow-up, HVA, IMA, DMAA measured $9.57^{\circ}$, $7.14^{\circ}$, $9.33^{\circ}$. The correction of HVA, IMA, DMAA were $27.19^{\circ}$, $6.48^{\circ}$, $6.67^{\circ}$. At the last follow-up, there were no recurrences and complications, except two patients complained of unsatisfactory stiffness in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint and subjectively rated their results as fair. The others rated that as excellent or good. At the last follow-up, statistically, the mean HMI scale and FFSS improved significantly from pre-operative score. Conclusions: In the treatment of moderate or severe hallux valgus with increased DMAA by metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation, we had good functional and radiological results without recurrences and significant complications. But the stiffness in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint warrants further study.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the value and limitation of modified Mau osteotomy through the review of 30 feet treated by this procedure. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 30 cases treated with modified Mau osteotomy since 2002. The mean duration of follow-up was 10 months. We reviewed medical records to describe each case and select several clinical factors which related with surgical procedure and could influence on final results. We measured radiographic parameters such as hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), sesamoid position and also assessed clinical outcomes by AOFAS score and satisfaction degrees. Results: The mean preoperative HVA and IMA were $40.4^{\circ}$, $17.4^{\circ}$ and the mean amounts of correction were $31.2^{\circ}$ and $11.5^{\circ}$. Amounts of delayed loss of correction were 16.8% in HVA and 19.2% in IMA. Initial HVA, rotational angle and translation distance of the distal fragment, stability of fixation, first ray instability were revealed as significant factors for the final result from this procedure. DMAA was increased by rotation of the distal fragment and decreased by adding translation on the rotation. Conclusion: Modified Mau osteotomy is an effective procedure to get enough correction. But, it is important to try to avoid excessive rotation of the distal fragment because it may worse joint congruity. It may be worthwhile to pay close attention to the direction of saw and stability of fixation.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Purpose: We compared the bony arrangements of the forefoot in 2 different years, 1982 and 2004, to determine any changes with time period of 22 years. Materials and Methods: The radiographs of 200 normal Korean adults, 100 male and 100 female volunteers, were evaluated both in 1982 and 2004. The radiographic results were evaluated with as follows; hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), morphology of metatarsal head and relative anterior protrusion of the metatarsals and the phalanges. The mean ages were 38 years (23-52years) in 1982, and 37 years (24-50years) in 2004. Results: The mean of HVA decreased from 15.6 degrees in 1982 to 14.3 degrees in 2004 (p=0.047), and the mean of IMA increased from 8.0 degrees in 1982 to 9.4 degrees in 2004 (p=0.031). The morphology of metatarsal head and relative anterior protrusion of the metatarsals and the phalanges were not different between the two study years. Conclusion: Comparing with those of 1982 measurements, we found an increase of IMA and a decrease of HVA. A prospective study may be needed to illuminate course of the changes.