• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.252-256
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• 2000

A thymic stromal cell line, TFGD, was established from a thymic tumor mass developed spontaneously in p53 knock out mouse, and was found to produce cytokines that could induce bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to differentiate into macrophages. The cytokines produced by the TFGD line were assessed by immunoassays. High level of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-6 was detected in the TFGD-culture supernatant, whereas granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, or interferon (IFN)-$\gamma$ was undetectable. Blocking experiments showed that anti-M-CSF monoclonal antibody could neutralize the differentiation-inducing activity shown by the TFGD-culture supernatant. Dot blot analysis of the total RNA isolated from the cultured fetal thymic stromal cells showed that M-CSF transcripts were expressed in the normal thymus. These observations, together with the earlier finding that M-CSF plus IL-6 is the optimal combination of cytokines for the induction of macrophage differentiation from HSCs in vitro, may indicate that thymic macrophages could be generated within the thymus by cytokines involving M-CSF.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.86-95
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• 2011

Objectives : Ulmus davidiana (UD) has been widely used in Korean herbal medicines used for treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rhinitis, asthma, and abscess. In this study, To investigated the protective effect of UD on type 1 allergic response, we determined whether UD inhibits early and late allergic response. Methods : The effect of UD was analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR in RBL-2H3 cells. Levels of ${\beta}$ -hexosaminidase, interleukin (IL)-4 and TNF-${\alpha}$ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). mRNA levels of COX-2 and T-helper type 2(Th2) cytokines were analyzed with RT-PCR. Results : We found that UD suppressed ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release in RBL-2H3 not only by the PMA plus A23187 stimulation, but also by the IgE-DNP-HSA stimulation at the antigen-antibody binding stage and antibody-receptor binding stage. UD also significantly inhibited COX2 level, along with reduced Th2 cytokine levels, such as IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, GM-CSF, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in RBL-2H3. Conclusions : Our results indicate that UD protects against type 1 allergic response and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of degranulation and expression of COX2 and Th2 cytokines.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.661-666
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• 2016

In this study, a linear accelerator (LINAC) through 3 Gy of radiation per body irradiated mice of the small intestine and the liver to produce in order to protect the cells after radiation exposure that caspase (caspase 3 &caspase 9) and NO (nitric oxide), and looked like to know cytokine of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$, the result is as follows. First, caspase 3 & caspase 9 showed a noticeable increase in the radiation group than in the control group both small intestine and liver tissues (P <0.001). Second, NO are both intestine and liver tissue showed a marked increase in the radiation group than in the control group (P <0.001). Third, one of Cytokine IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ showed a significant increase in the irradiated group than the control group both small intestine and liver tissues (P <0.001).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2010

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common alimentary malignancies. In this study, the antitumor activity of activated human natural killer (NK) cells against human colorectal cancer was evaluated in vivo. Human NK cells are the key contributors of innate immune response and the effective functions of these cells are enhanced by cytokines. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-containing medium for 14 days and resulted in enriched NK cell population. The resulting populations of the cells comprised 7% $CD3^+CD4^+$ cells, 25% $CD3^+CD8^+$ cells, 13% $CD3^-CD8^+$ cells, 4% $CD3^+$CD16/$CD56^+$ cells, 39% $CD3^+$CD16/$CD56^-$ cells, and 52% $CD3^-$CD16/$CD56^+$ cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-$\alpha$), interferon gamma (IFN-$\gamma$), IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 transcripts of the activated NK cells were confirmed by RT-PCR. In addition, activated NK cells at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 million cells per mouse inhibited 10%, 34% and 47% of SW620-induced tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft assays, respectively. This study suggests that NK cell-based immunotherapy may be used as an adoptive immunotherapy for colorectal cancer patients.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2013

Korean red ginseng (KRG) is reported to have anti-allergic properties, including beneficial effects on asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, its effect on allergic rhinitis has not been studied extensively. This study examined how KRG affected allergic inflammation of the nasal cavity in an allergic mouse model. A total of 40 Balb/c female mice were divided into four experimental groups according to treatment and allergic state: group 1 (G1), saline only; group 2 (G2), ovalbumin (OVA); group 3 (G3), OVA+KRG; and group 4 (G4), OVA+dexamethasone. Serum IgE levels were significantly lower in the KRG treatment group (G3) than in the allergic group (G2). However, serum IgG1 levels did not differ between G2 and G3. In the nasal lavage fluid, IL-4 and IL-5 levels were significantly lower in G3 than in G2 (p<0.05). H&E and Luna staining revealed that the eosinophil count was lower in G3 and G4 than in G2 (p<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that there were fewer IL-4-, IL-5-, and MUC5AC-positive cells in G3 and G4 than in G2 (p<0.05). These results indicate that KRG reduces the nasal allergic inflammatory reaction in an allergic murine model by reducing Th2 cytokines.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.70-75
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• 2017

Fucoidan increases the chemotactic activity of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) through interleukin (IL)-8 produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). It has been demonstrated that fucoidan can regulate the chemotaxis of PMNs by activating F-actin polymerization. The objectives of this study are to investigate the direct effect of fucoidan on the chemotaxis of porcine PMNs and to examine whether this effect is associated with changes in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. The chemotactic activity of porcine PMNs was evaluated by modified Boyden chamber assay. Akt phosphorylation activity, a main downstream of PI3K, was measured by Western blotting assay. Fucoidan itself has no chemoattractant effect for PMNs. However, direct treatment of PMNs with fucoidan showed higher chemotactic activity to porcine recombinant (pr) IL-8 than that of PMNs without fucoidan. The increased chemotactic activity of fucoidan-treated PMNs to pr IL-8 was suppressed by treatment of wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K. Treatment of PMNs with fucoidan also increased Akt phosphorylation level. This increase was also suppressed by wortmannin. These results suggested that fucoidan can upregulate chemotactic activity of porcine PMNs to IL-8, which is associated with PI3K activation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2000

Eleven new compounds that are composed of bis(p-substituted phenyl) terephthalate unitand the decyloxy pendant as lateral were synthesized and their thermal and liquid crystalline properties were studied by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and on a hot-stage of a polarizing microscope. The ter-minal substituent groups of the compound were varied; X= -H(II-H), -F(lI-F), -CII(II-CI), -Br(ll-Br), -I(II-I), -$NO_2(lI-NO_2$), $-CF_3(II-CF_3$), -$OC_2H_5(II-OC_2H_5$), -$OC_4H_9(II-OC_4H_9$), -$C_6H_5(Il-C_6H_5$). The compounds of $II-OC_2H_5,\;II-OC_4H_9$ and $II-C_6H_5$ were monotropically nematic. In contrast, the compounds of Il-H, II-F, II-Cl, II-Br, II-I, $lI-NO_2$, $II-CF_3$, and II-CN did not show liquid crystalline properties.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.525-536
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• 2014

Although tobacco use has been known as one of the biggest risk factors on periodontal health, little is known about the effect of smoking cessation on it. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of concentration of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9 and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of 11 quit-smokers for 1 year after smoking cessation. Eleven male subjects to maintain quit-smoking for 1 year participated the oral examination, GCF and saliva collection without periodontal treatments at baseline, after 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months and 1 year. To confirm quit-smoking, nicotine and cotinine concentrations in saliva were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. MMP-8, MMP-9 and IL-$1{\beta}$ concentrations in GCF of upper anterior teeth area were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Change of MMP-8 in GCF during smoking cessation showed fluctuation with decrease (5 subjects) or increase (2 subjects) or maintenance tendency (4 subjects). Changes of MMP-9 were decrease (6 subjects), or increase (2 subjects), or maintenance (3 subjects). Change of IL-$1{\beta}$ also showed fluctuation with decrease (5 subjects) or increase (3 subjects) or maintenance tendency (3 subjects). The subjects with increase tendency had the relatively smaller amount concentration of MMP-8 and MMP-9 at the baseline. It was unclear smoking cessation without periodontal treatment could affect MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-$1{\beta}$ in GCF. Fluctuation of periodontal biomarkers during smoking cessation might result from feedback interaction between environmental factors and periodontal cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.556-561
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• 2012

Steroid sulfatase (STS) is responsible for the conversion of estrone sulfate to estrone that can stimulate growth in endocrine-dependent tumors such as prostate cancer. Although STS is considered as a therapeutic target for the estrogen-dependent diseases, cellular function of STS are still not clear. Previously, we found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ significantly enhances steroid sulfatase expression in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells through PI3K/Akt-dependent pathways. Here, we studied whether bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which are known to induce TNF-${\alpha}$ may increase STS expression. Treatment with LPS in PC-3 cells induced STS mRNA and protein in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Using luciferase reporter assay, we found that LPS enhanced STS promoter activity. Moreover, STS expression induced by LPS increased PC-3 tumor cell migration determined by wound healing assay. We investigated that LPS induced IL-6 expression and IL-6 increased STS expression. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that LPS induces STS expression through IL-6 pathway in human prostate cancer cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.281-286
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• 2008

Although the interaction between gp130 and the ErbB family has frequently been shown in cancer cells, the mechanism of this interaction remains unclear and controversial. In the present study, we found that specific tyrphostin inhibitors of ErbB2 (AG825 and AG879), but not ErbB1 inhibitor (AG1478), suppressed IL-6-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 in schwannoma cells. However, biochemical evidence for transactivation of ErbB2 by IL-6 was not observed. Additionally, the inhibition of ErbB2 expression, with either a specific RNAi or transfection of an ErbB2 mutant lacking the intracellular domain did not inhibit the IL-6-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3. Thus, it seems that tyrphostins, which are known as specific inhibitors of the ErbB2 kinase, may have non-specific suppressive effects on the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.