• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.538-545
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• 1999

Objective : To compare the predictive power of International Classification of Diseases 10th Edition(ICD-10) based International Classification of Diseases based Injury Severity Score(ICISS) with Trauma and Injury Severity Score(TRISS) and International Classification of Diseases 9th Edition Clinical Modification(ICD-9CM) based ICISS in the injury severity measure. Methods : ICD-10 version of Survival Risk Ratios(SRRs) was derived from 47,750 trauma patients from 35 Emergency Centers for 1 year. The predictive power of TRISS, the ICD-9CM based ICISS and ICD-10 based ICISS were compared in a group of 367 severely injured patients admitted to two university hospitals. The predictive power was compared by using the measures of discrimination(disparity, sensitivity, specificity, misclassification rates, and ROC curve analysis) and calibration(Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistics), all calculated by logistic regression procedure. Results : ICD-10 based ICISS showed a lower performance than TRISS and ICD-9CM based ICISS. When age and Revised Trauma Score(RTS) were incorporated into the survival probability model, however, ICD-10 based ICISS full model showed a similar predictive power compared with TRISS and ICD-9CM based ICISS full model. ICD-10 based ICISS had some disadvantages in predicting outcomes among patients with intracranial injuries. However, such weakness was largely compensated by incorporating age and RTS in the model. Conclusions : The ICISS methodology can be extended to ICD-10 horizon as a standard injury severity measure in the place of TRISS, especially when age and RTS were incorporated in the model. In patients with intracranial injuries, the predictive power of ICD-10 based ICISS was relatively low because of differences in the classifying system between ICD-10 and ICD-9CM.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2001

The purpose of the present study was to assess the agreement of survival probability estimated by International Classification of Diseases l0th Edition(ICD-10) based International Classification of Diseases based Injury Severity Score(ICISS) with professional panel's judgment on preventable death. ICISS has a promise as an alternative to Trauma and Injury Severity Score(TRISS) which have served as a standard measure of trauma severity, but requires more validation studies. Furthermore as original version of ICISS was based ICD-9CM, it is necessary to test its performance employing ICD-10 which has been used in Korea and is expected to replace ICD-9 in many countries sooner or later. Methods : For 1997 and 1998 131 trauma deaths and 1,785 blunt trauma inpatients from 6 emergency medical centers were randomly sampled and reviewed. Trauma deaths were reviewed by professional panels with hospital records and survival probability of trauma inpatients was assessed using ICD-10 based ICISS. For trauma mortality degree of agreement between ICISS survival probability with judgment of professional panel on preventable death was assessed and correlation between W-score and preventable death rate by each emergency medical center was assessed. Results : Overall agreement rate of ICISS survival probability with preventable death judged by professional panel was 66.4%(kappa statistic 0.36). Spearman's correlation coefficient between W-score and preventable death rate by each emergency medical center was -0.77(p=0.07) and Pearson's correlation coefficient between them was -0.90(p=0.01). Conclusions : The agreement rate of ICD-10 based ICISS survival probability with of professional panel's judgment on preventable death was similar to TRISS. The W-scores of emergency medical centers derived from ICD-10 based ICISS were highly correlated with preventable death rates of them with marginal statistical significance.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.108-115
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• 2009

Purpose: We designed a retrospective study to measure the accuracy of the ICD-10 (International Classification of Disease-10) code for trauma patients. We also analyzed the error of the ICISS (International Classification of Disease based Injury Severity Score) due to a missing or an incorrect ICD-10 code. Methods: For the measuring the accuracy of the ICD-10 code for trauma patients in a tertiary teaching hospital's emergency department, two board certified emergency physician performed a retrospective chart review. The ICD-10 code was classified as a main code or a sub-code. The main code was defined as the code of the main department of treatment, and the sub-code was defined as a code other than the main code. We calculated and compared two ICISS for each patient one by using both the existing code and the other by using a corrected code. We compared the proportions of severe trauma (defined as an ICISS less than 0.9) between when the existing code and the corrected code was used respectively. Results: We reviewed the records of 4287 trauma patients who had been treated from July 2008 to November 2008. The accuracy of the main code, the sub-code of emergency department, main-code, the sub-code of hospitalized patients were 97.1%, 59.8%, 98.2% and 57.0%, respectively. Total accuracy of the main and sub-code of emergency department and of hospitalized patients were 91.4% and 58.6%. The number of severe trauma patients increased from 33 to 49 when the corrected code was used in emergency department and increased from 35 to 60 in hospitalized patients. Conclusion: The accuracy of the sub-code was lower than that of the main code. A missing or incorrect subcode could cause an error in the ICISS and in the number of patients with severe trauma.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.7-8
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• 2000

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

직충돌 이온산란 분광법(ICISS: Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy)을 이용한 고체표면 해석의 마지막 개설로서 금속 표면에 대한 연구를 소개하기로 한다. 금속은 도체이기 때문에 전하 축적을 방지하려는 별도의 장치가 필요 없다. 또한 결정구조가 간단하여 금속재료 자체보다는 표면의 흡착구조 및 반응, 박막 구조 등과 같은 분야에서 ISS를 이용하고 있다. 세라믹이나 반도체와 구별되는 응용 분야로서는 첫째 금속의 높은 표면 반응성을 이용하는 촉매와 같은 분야에 있어서 표면에서 일어나는 반응을 추적하기 위한 수단으로 사용된다. 둘째 표면 용융 현상을 표면 원자의 위치 결정을 통하여 연구할 수 있다. 마지막으로 자성재료의 표면 자성 특성을 스핀분극 ISS를 이용하여 접근할 수 있다. 이상과 같은 금속 표면물성 분야에 대하여 ICISS를 적용한 연구 사례를 소개하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

이온산란 분광법(ISS: Ion Scattering Spectroscopy)은 표면 원자의 구조를 러더포드 후방산란법(RBS: Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy) 등과 같이 실공간에 대하여 직접 정보를 얻는 방법이다. 그 중에서도 산란각도를 $180^{\circ}$로 고정하여 산란이온 검출기를 설치한 직충돌 이온산란 분광법(ICISS: Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy)은 산란된 이온의 궤적이 입사궤도와 거의 동일하기 때문에 산란궤적의 계산이 간단해지고, 최외층 뿐만 아니라 표면에서 수 층 깊이의 원자구조의 해석이 가능하다. 또한 비행시간형(TOF: Time-Of-Flight) 분석기를 채택하여 산란 이온 및 중성원자를 동시에 측정하면 입사 이온의 표면에서의 중성화에 관계 없이 산란 신호를 얻으므로 표면 원자의 결합 특성에 영향 받지 않고 사용할 수 있다. 본고에서는 ICISS의 원리, 장치, 측정방법 등을 소개한 제1편 및 반도체 표면구조, 금속/반도체 계면 등의 해석에 관하여 기술한 제2편에 이어서 세라믹 재료의 표면 원자 구조, 세라믹 박막의 원자 구조, 흡착 기체의 구조, 원소의 편석 등에 관한 연구 사례를 소개하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.884-890
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• 1996

We have investigated a structural change of Si(100)-($2 \times 1$)-Sb surface caused by atomic hydrogen adsorption at room temperature using time-of-flight impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (TOF-ICISS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). We found that when atomic hydrogen adsorbs on the Si(100)-($2 \times 1$)-Sb surface, (1) the partial desorption of Sb atoms from the Si(100) surface occurs even at room temperature, (2) the rest Sb atoms are displaced from their original positions and form an almost two-dimensional layer with dispersive distribution of Sb atoms, and (3) the structural transformation into the Si(100)-($1 \times 1$)-H periodicity is induced by the formation of the $1 \times 1$-H dihydride phase on the Si substrate.

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.17-17
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• 2002

Time-of-flight impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (TOF-ICISS) was applied to study the geometrical structure of the epitaxially grown BaTiO₃ layers on the MgO(100) surface. Hetero-epitaxial BaTiO₃ layers can be deposited by the following steps: first thermal evaporation of titanium onto the MgO(100) surface in the atmosphere of oxygen at 400℃, secondly thermal evaporation of barium in the same manner, and finally annealing at 800℃. Well ordered perovskite BaTiO₃ was confirmed from the ICISS spectra and reflection high electron energy diffraction (RHEED) patterns. It was also revealed that BaTiO₃ had cubic structure with the same lattice parameter of bulk phase.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.43 no.1 s.284
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• pp.62-67
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• 2006

Time-of-flight impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy (TOF-ICISS) using 2 keV $He^+$ ion was applied to study the geometrical structure of the $BaTiO_3$ thin film which was grown on the MgO(100) surface. Hetero-epitaxial $BaTiO_3$ layers were formed on the MgO(100) surface by thermal evaporation of titanium followed first by oxidation at $400^{\circ}C$, subsequently by barium evaporation, and finally by annealing at $800^{\circ}C$. The atomic structure of $BaTiO_3$ layers was investigated by the scattering intensity variation of $He^+$ ions on TOF-ICISS and by the patterns of reflection high energy electron diffraction. The scattered ion intensity was measured along the <001> and <011> azimuth varying the incident angle. Our investigation revealed that perovskite structured $BaTiO_3$ layers were grown with a larger lattice parameter than that of the bulk phase on the MgO(100) surface.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2008

고체 표면의 구조해석 방법에는 LEED(저에너지 전자선 회절법)나 RHEED(반사 고에너지 전자선 회절법) 등과 같이 표면의 2차원적 회절상을 해석하는 방법이 있고(역격자 공간의 해석), 또는 ISS(이온산란 분광법), RBS(러더포드 후방산란법) 등과 같이 표면 원자의 실공간에 대한 정보를 직접 얻는 방법이 있다. 실제로는 두 가지 종류의 분석법을 상호 보완적으로 조합하여 효율적인 구조해석을 수행한다. 본고에서는 직충돌 이온산란 분광법(ICISS: Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy)에 대한 원리, 장치, 측정방법 등을 소개한 전고에 이어서 이를 이용한 반도체 표면구조 해석에 관하여 기술하고자 한다. 표면의 원자구조를 알아내기 위해서는 산란된 입자의 강도를 입사각도와 출사각도에 대하여 조사하여야 하는데, 이온이 원자와 충돌하여 산란될 때 원자의 후방으로 형성되는 shadow cone에 의하여 생성되는 집속 효과(focusing effect) 및 가리움 효과(blocking effect) 중에서 ICISS는 집속 효과만을 고려하여 해석하면 실공간에서의 원자구조를 해석할 수 있다. 본 고에서는 ICISS를 이용하여 금속 또는 절연체 물질이 반도체 표면 위에서 흡착 또는 성장될 때 초기의 계면 구조 해석, 금속/반도체 계면에서 시간에 따른 동적변화 해석, III-V족 반도체의 표면구조 해석, 반도체 기판 위에서 박막 성장 과정 해석 등에 관한 연구 사례를 소개하고자 한다.