• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2002

Poliovirus is a member of enterovirus which causes paralytic poliomyelitis, encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. Since poliovirus is spread by the fecal-oral route and poliovirus-contaminated water could be a potential threat for public health, detection of poliovirus in drinking water resource is important. Infectious poliovirus and poliovirus inactivated by heat or UV were used to test three detection methods such as cell culture method, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and integrated cell culture (ICC)-PCR. Infectious poliovirus was detected by all three methods and ICC-PCR was the most sensitive and fast in detecting poliovirus. Inactivated polioviruses could not be detected by cell culture or ICC-PCR methods. On the other hand, heat- inactivated viruses could be detected by RT-PCR. Thus it is suggested that ICC-PCR method is the most sensitive and effective in detecting infectious polioviruses in water sample.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2006

Oysters are known to be carriers of food-born diseases, but research on viruses in Korean oysters is scarce despite its importance for public health. We therefore tested oysters cultivated in Goheung, Seosan, Chungmu, and Tongyeong, for viral contamination using cell culture and integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR) with Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) and human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Additional screens via PCR, amplifying viral nucleic acids extracted from oysters supplemented our analysis. Our methods found 23.6 %, 50.9 %, and 89.1 % of all oysters to be positive for adenoviruses when cell culture, ICC-PCR, and direct PCR, respectively, was used to conduct the screen. The same methodology identified enteroviruses in 5.45%, 30.9%, and 10.9% of all cases. Most of the detected enteroviruses (81.3%) were similar to poliovirus type 1; the remainder resembled coxsackievirus type A1. A homology search with the adenoviral sequences revealed similarities to adenovirus subgenera C (type 2, 5, and 6), D (type 44), and F (enteric type 40 and 41). Adenovirus-positive samples were more abundant in A549 cells (47.3%) than in BGMK cells (18.2 %), while the reverse was true for enteroviruses (21.8 % vs. 14.5 %). Our data demonstrate that Korean oysters are heavily contaminated with enteric viruses, which is readily detectable via ICC-PCR using a combination of A549 and BGMK cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

In this study, we studied whether hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) has an effect on the pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), in the small intestine of mice. The actions of $H_2S$ on pacemaker activity were investigated using whole-cell patch-clamp technique, intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ analysis at $30^{\circ}C$ and RT-PCR in cultured mouse intestinal ICC. Exogenously applied sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), a donor of hydrogen sulfide, caused a slight tonic inward current on pacemaker activity in ICC at low concentrations (50 and $100{\mu}m$), but at high concentration ($500{\mu}m$ and 1 mM) it seemed to cause light tonic inward currents and then inhibited pacemaker amplitude and pacemaker frequency, and also an increase in the resting currents in the outward direction. Glibenclamide or other potassium channel blockers (TEA, $BaCl_2$, apamin or 4-aminopydirine) did not have an effect on NaHS-induced action in ICC. The exogenous application of carbonilcyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and thapsigargin also inhibited the pacemaker activity of ICC as NaHS. Also, we found NaHS inhibited the spontaneous intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) oscillations in cultured ICC. In doing an RT-PCR experiment, we found that ICC enriched population lacked mRNA for both CSE and CBS, but was prominently detected in unsorted muscle. In conclusion, $H_2S$ inhibited the pacemaker activity of ICC by modulating intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. These results can serve as evidence of the physiological action of $H_2S$ as acting on the ICC in gastrointestinal (GI) motility.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2022

According to the World Water Development Report 2015 released by the United Nations, drinking water is expected to decrease by 40% by 2030. This does not mean that the amount of water decreases, but rather that the water source is contaminated due to environmental pollution. Because microbes are deeply related to water quality, the analysis of microbe is very important for water quality management. While the most common method currently used for microbial analysis is microscopic examination of the shape and feature after cell culture, as the gene analysis technology advances, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be applied to the microscopic microbiological analysis, and the application method has been studied. Among them, a reverse transcription (RT) step enables the analysis of RNA by RT-PCR. Integrated cell culture (ICC)-qPCR shortens the test time by using it with microbial culture analysis, and viability qPCR can reduce the false positive errors of samples collected from natural water source. Multiplex qPCR for improved throughput, and microfluidic qPCR for analysis with limited amount of sample has been developed In this paper, we introduce the case, principle and development direction of the qPCR method applied to the analysis of microorganisms.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2011

In this study we determined whether or not 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has an effect on the pacemaker activities of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) from the mouse small intestine. The actions of 5-HT on pacemaker activities were investigated using a whole-cell patch-clamp technique, intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) analysis, and RT-PCR in ICC. Exogenously-treated 5-HT showed tonic inward currents on pacemaker currents in ICC under the voltage-clamp mode in a dose-dependent manner. Based on RT-PCR results, we found the existence of 5-$HT_{2B,\;3,\;4,\;and\;7}$ receptors in ICC. However, SDZ 205557 (a 5-$HT_4$ receptor antagonist), SB 269970 (a 5-$HT_7$ receptor antagonist), 3-tropanylindole - 3 - carboxylate methiodide (3-TCM; a 5-$HT_3$ antagonist) blocked the 5-HT-induced action on pacemaker activity, but not SB 204741 (a 5-$HT_{2B}$ receptor antagonist). Based on $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ analysis, we found that 5-HT increased the intensity of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. The treatment of PD 98059 or JNK II inhibitor blocked the 5-HT-induced action on pacemaker activity of ICC, but not SB 203580. In summary, these results suggest that 5-HT can modulate pacemaker activity through 5-$HT_{3,\;4,\;and\;7}$ receptors via $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ mobilization and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.557-563
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• 2013

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is ranked as one of the top five causes of cancer-related deaths. ICC in Thai patients is associated with infection with the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, but the molecular basis for development remains unclear. The present study employed a microarray approach to compare gene expression profiles of ICCs and normal liver tissues from the same patients residing in Northeast Thailand, a region with a high prevalence of liver fluke infection. In ICC samples, 2,821 and 1,361 genes were found to be significantly up- and down-regulated respectively (unpaired t-test, p<0.05; fold-change ${\gep}2.0$). For validation of the microarray results, 7 up-regulated genes (FXYD3, GPRC5A, CEACAM5, MUC13, EPCAM, TMC5, and EHF) and 3 down-regulated genes (CPS1, TAT, and ITIH1) were selected for confirmation using quantitative RT-PCR, resulting in 100% agreement. The metallothionine heavy metal pathway contains the highest percentage of genes with statistically significant changes in expression. This study provides exon-level expression profiles in ICC that should be fruitful in identifying novel genetic markers for classifying and possibly early diagnosis of this highly fatal type of cholangiocarcinoma.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare different elution and concentration methods for optimization of human rotavirus (HRV) detection method using real-time RT-PCR and cell culture techniques. The leafy vegetable samples (lettuce, Chinese cabbage) were artificially inoculated with HRV. Viruses were extracted from the vegetables by two different elution buffers, buffer A (100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM glycine, 3% beef extract, pH 9.5) and buffer B (250 mM Threonine, 300 mM NaCl, pH 9.5), and the extracted viruses were concentrated by filtration and PEG precipitation sequentially. To determine infectivity of the viruses, the viruses recovered from the samples were infected to the MA-104 cells, and integrated cell culture real-time RT-PCR was performed at 1, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 h post-infection (p.i.). The elution buffer A was more efficient in extracting the virus from the produce samples tested than the buffer B, 29.54% and 18.32% of recoveries, respectively. The sensitivity of real-time RT-PCR method was markedly improved when the virus was concentrated by the filtration method. When the viruses were eluted and concentrated by buffer A and filtration, respectively, the average recovery rate was approximately 51.89%. When the viruses recovered from samples were infected to MA-104 cell, infectious HRV was detected within 48 h p.i. by ICC/real-time RT-PCR, whereas cytopathic effects were not observed until 72 h p.i. The optimized detection method evaluated in this study could be useful for rapid and reliable detection of HRV in fresh produce products and applied for detection of other food-borne viruses.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.377-382
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of plaque scoring system using new Qraycam (All in One Bio, Korea) device which enables plaque score without tooth disclosing. This study measured Quigley-Hein index and plaque control record by both Qraycam and disclosing agent on 64 elderly people and checked degree of congruence between the two methods. Reliability was evaluated with the mean of measured values, kappa index and intraclass correlation coefficient statistical analysis. The analysis of the plaque scores showed a high agreement between the measured values according to the method of measurement and the measured part. The mean of plaque index of anterior labial were not significantly different according to measurement method. The kappa index was higher by Qraycam and tooth disclosing method of plaque index. Therefore, it was verified that Qraycam has sufficient reliability as screening tool for plaque scoring system.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2022

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare ocular disease, but it is a painful and sight-threatening infectious disease. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are necessary to prevent serious complications. While AK is frequently diagnosis via several PCR assays or Acanthamoeba-specific antibodies, a more specific and effective diagnostic method is required. This study described the production of a polyclonal peptide antibody against the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) of A. castellanii and investigated its diagnostic potential. Western blot analysis showed that the PBP antibody specifically reacted with the cell lysates of A. castellanii. However, the PBP antibody did not interact with human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and the other 3 major causative agents of keratitis. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) results revealed the specific detection of A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts by PBP antibodies when A. castellanii were co-cultured with HCE cells. PBP antibody specificity was further confirmed by co-culture of A. castellanii trophozoites with F. solani, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa via ICC. The PBP antibody specifically reacted with the trophozoites and cysts of A. polyphaga, A. hatchetti, A. culbertsoni, A. royreba, and A. healyi, thus demonstrated its genus-specific nature. These results showed that the PBP polyclonal peptide antibody of A. castellanii could specifically detect several species of Acanthamoeba, contributing to the development of an effective antibody-based AK diagnostics.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.5 s.72
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• pp.696-702
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• 2005

Ozonation is a disinfection technique of harmful mi-crobes commonly used in the treatment of drinking water. And Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) treatment also provides numerous benefits for drinking water utilities, including removal of micro- pollutants, improved treatment processes. The multiful-stage ozonation and BAC play roles as effective methods for removing several materials in raw water. Water quality variation in Nak dong river and the removal efficiency of viruses by ozonation-BAC process were investigated on pilot scale. During the period of survey, most of water quality parameters including $NH_{4}^{+}-N$ were highly improved after passing through the BAC. The removal efficiency of poliovirus type III in water treatment process using pilot-plant,$ 99.6\% $ of viruses were removed by pre-ozonation, sedimentation and sand filteration process, $ 100\% $ were removed after in BAC filteration step. In the removal survey of viruses by ozonation, ap-proximately $ 61.1\% $ or polioviruses were inactivated by ozone of 0.4 mg/l within 5 min. and $ 100\% $ were inactivated by ozone of 0.8 mg/l over 10 min.