• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.84-90
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability of heart rate (HR) and velocity measurements during peak effort and free treadmill walking tests in older patients with gait-impaired chronic hemiparetic stroke and control group. Twenty-two adults (13 men, 9 women; mean age, $73.7{\pm}5.2$ yrs) with chronic hemiparetic stroke are the experimental group. Nineteen elderly people (5 men, 14 women; mean age, $72.3{\pm}3.5$ yrs) were recruited as control group. Patients had mild to moderate chronic hemiparetic gait deficits, making handrail support necessary during treadmill walking. Free and peak effort treadmill walking tests were measured and then repeated at least two days later. Reliability was calculated from HR and walking velocity during free and peak effort treadmill walking test. Among the people who had strokes, HR [ICC(2,1)=.85, r=.86] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.93, r=.93] were good parameters during free testing. Maximal testing generated good results for HR [ICC(2,1)=.81, r=.82] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.96, r=.96] with the chronic hemiparetic stroke. In elderly people, HR [ICC(2,1)=.59, r=.62] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.77, r=.76] were moderately reliable during free testing. Maximal testing produced moderate parameters for HR [ICC(2,1)=.74, r=.74] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.66, r=.66] in the elderly. This study provides that free and maximal treadmill testing produce highly reliable HR and velocity measurements in adults with chronic hemiplegia using minimal handrail support.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2013

Objective : This study was designed to determine the most reliable cephalometric measurement technique in the normal population and patients with basilar invagination (BI). Methods : Twenty-two lateral radiographs of BI patients and 25 lateral cervical radiographs of the age, sex-matched normal population were selected and measured on two separate occasions by three spine surgeons using six different measurements. Statistical analysis including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was carried out using the SPSS software (V. 12.0). Results : Redlund-Johnell and Modified (M)-Ranawat had a highest ICC score in both the normal and BI groups in the inter-observer study. The M-Ranawat method (0.83) had a highest ICC score in the normal group, and the Redlund-Johenll method (0.80) had a highest ICC score in the BI group in the intra-observer test. The McGregor line had a lowest ICC score and a poor ICC grade in both groups in the intra-observer study. Generally, the measurement method using the odontoid process did not produce consistent results due to inter and intra-observer differences in determining the position of the odontoid tip. Opisthion and caudal point of the occipital midline curve are somewhat ambiguous landmarks, which induce variable ICC scores. Conclusion : On the contrary to other studies, Ranawat method had a lower ICC score in the inter-observer study. C2 end-plate and C1 arch can be the most reliable anatomical landmarks.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.18 no.2 s.80
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• pp.25-36
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• 2003

컴퓨터 입출력 장치를 통해 다루어지는 디지털 영상의 컬러 매칭을 위하여 행해지는 영상의 컬러 정보 변환 표준으로 사용되는 ICC 디바이스 프로파일 표준 규격에 대하여 알아보고, 한국전자통신연구원에서 개발한 ICC 디바이스 프로파일을 이용한 컬러운영시스템 및 프로파일 편집기에 대하여 알아본다.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.54
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• pp.81-98
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• 2012

The Incoterms(R) 2010 rules take account of the continued spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communications in business transactions, heightened concern about security in the movement of goods and changes in transport practices. And the Guide to Incoterms(R) 2010 is the authoritative companion work to Incoterms(R) 2010, the ICC rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms. The guide responds to business needs for a better understanding of these ICC rules that are used in countless commercial transactions every day. But, contrary to the previous guidebook, there is many errors and mistake in the Guide to Incoterms(R) 2010 which should be amended. The purpose of this paper is to point out the problems and amend the errors and unify the expression in guidebook.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2023

Aiming at the poor compression quality of traditional image compression coding (ICC) algorithm, a multi-description ICC algorithm based on depth learning is put forward in this study. In this study, first an image compression algorithm was designed based on multi-description coding theory. Image compression samples were collected, and the measurement matrix was calculated. Then, it processed the multi-description ICC sample set by using the convolutional self-coding neural system in depth learning. Compressing the wavelet coefficients after coding and synthesizing the multi-description image band sparse matrix obtained the multi-description ICC sequence. Averaging the multi-description image coding data in accordance with the effective single point's position could finally realize the compression coding of multi-description images. According to experimental results, the designed algorithm consumes less time for image compression, and exhibits better image compression quality and better image reconstruction effect.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of muscle thickness (MT) measurements of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) in subjects with hallux valgus (HV), using ultrasonography performed at different inward pressures of approximately 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg, with no pressure control. Methods: Thirty-two subjects with HV were recruited. The thicknesses of both sides of the AbdH were measured randomly by two different examiners for assessment of the intra- and inter-rater reliability. The measurement values were analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). ICC (2,1) was used to determine the inter-rater reliability of MT measurements of the AbdH, while ICC (3,1) was used to assess the intra-rater reliability. Results: The results showed higher ICC values for intra-rater reliability compared to inter-rater reliability, and the value for inter-rater reliability with no pressure control (ICC=0.74 [95%CI=0.53-0.87]) was smaller compared to pressures of 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg. Other inward pressures for intra- and inter-rater reliability also showed excellent values (ICC=0.86-0.96). Conclusion: The findings showed that maintaining consistent inward pressure is essential for reliable results in measurement of the MT of the AbdH by different examiners in a clinical setting.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.53
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• pp.3-29
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• 2012

This article examines the Practical Suggestions in the Contract for the Turnkey Supply of an Industrial Plant based on a study focused on the commentary of "ICC Model Contract" clause which is encouraged by ICC. Especially practical issues are inquired into on business and legal perspective as follows. First, in regard to supply of technical documentation, equipment and spare parts, it is important to supplier and purchaser to agree on obtaining technical documents necessary for installing and operating plant, and also components necessary for it's maintenance. Second, it is about erection, testing, taking over and training chapter. Both parties need to agree about the process of the arrival of equipments and assembly conducted by the supplier and following examination and also training purchaser to operate it Third, when it comes to price, payment conditions, bank guarantees, parties are to make decision on the pricing, payment conditions and currency of contract-payment. Lastly, it is necessary to reach an agreement of the issue of whether it is to be defined as delay or non-performance of the contract and also it's consequences about rights and obligation.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2020

Accurate estimation of spatial frequencies and phases for illumination patterns are essential to reconstructing super-resolution images in structured illumination microscopy (SIM). In this manuscript, we propose the improved component cross-correlation (ICC) algorithm, which is based on optimization of the cross-correlation values of the overlapping information between various spectral components. Compared to other algorithms for spatial-frequency and phase determination, the results calculated by the ICC algorithm are more accurate when the modulation depths of the illumination patterns are low. Moreover, the ICC algorithm is able to calculate the spatial frequencies and phases simultaneously. Simulation results indicate that even if the modulation depth is lower than 0.1, the ICC algorithm still estimates the parameters precisely; the images reconstructed by the ICC algorithm are much clearer than those reconstructed by other algorithms. In experiments, our home-built SIM system was used to image bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells. Drawing support from the ICC algorithm, super-resolution images were reconstructed without artifacts.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

In this study, we studied whether hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) has an effect on the pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), in the small intestine of mice. The actions of $H_2S$ on pacemaker activity were investigated using whole-cell patch-clamp technique, intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ analysis at $30^{\circ}C$ and RT-PCR in cultured mouse intestinal ICC. Exogenously applied sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), a donor of hydrogen sulfide, caused a slight tonic inward current on pacemaker activity in ICC at low concentrations (50 and $100{\mu}m$), but at high concentration ($500{\mu}m$ and 1 mM) it seemed to cause light tonic inward currents and then inhibited pacemaker amplitude and pacemaker frequency, and also an increase in the resting currents in the outward direction. Glibenclamide or other potassium channel blockers (TEA, $BaCl_2$, apamin or 4-aminopydirine) did not have an effect on NaHS-induced action in ICC. The exogenous application of carbonilcyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and thapsigargin also inhibited the pacemaker activity of ICC as NaHS. Also, we found NaHS inhibited the spontaneous intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) oscillations in cultured ICC. In doing an RT-PCR experiment, we found that ICC enriched population lacked mRNA for both CSE and CBS, but was prominently detected in unsorted muscle. In conclusion, $H_2S$ inhibited the pacemaker activity of ICC by modulating intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. These results can serve as evidence of the physiological action of $H_2S$ as acting on the ICC in gastrointestinal (GI) motility.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.33
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• pp.221-243
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• 2007

A party to a contract is bound to perform its contractual duties. But outside events may make performance impossible, physically or legally. In such a situation a party may wish to plead "force majeure" as an excuse for failure to perform. The laws of most countries have provisions which dealt with force majeure. These provisions, however, vary from country to country and may not meet the parties' requirement in international contracts. Therefore, parties to international contracts are frequently in need of contract clauses on force majeure. There are many force majeure clauses in standard forms or individually negotiated. The ICC has drawn up provisions which aim at providing assistance for parties when they are making contracts. The force majeure clause grants relief from contractual sanctions and includes provisions for suspension and termination of contract. The purpose of this study is to examine "ICC Force Majeure Clause 2003" in the international sales contract. For this purpose, firstly this study deals with the major contents of the ICC Force Majeure Clause 1985 and 2003. Secondly this study considers the related provisions under CISG, PICC, PECL and the force majeure clause in Model International Sale Contract. Thirdly this study compares ICC Force Majeure Clause 2003 with the relative provisions under CISG, PICC, PECL and the force majeure clause in Model International Sale Contract. It should be noted that the parties often need to adapt the content of this clause so as to take account of the particular circumstances of the individual contract. This paper contributes to help the parties to a contract to draft the meaningful "Force Majeure Clause" containing more precise and elaborate provisions.