• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1983

The in vivo and in vitro buffer capacities of true plasma and tissue buffer capaciies were compared on dogs. Intracellular pH was determined on skeletal muscle by a modification of the method of Schloerb and Grantham using $C^{14}$ DMO. The in vivo curve for plasma or extracellular fluid has a much lower slope than the in vitro curve. The in vivo slope of skeletal muscle in the dog is approximately 20 sl. The slope for skeletal muscle in vivo falls between the in vitro and in vivo slopes of true plasma. It appears that intracellular hydrogen ion varies linearly with extracellular hydrogen ion when $CO_2$ tension is changed. Both hydrogen ion gradient and Hi/He ratio vary in skeletal muscle, with an increase in $CO_2$ tension. Infusion of 0.3N HCl gave two distinct patterns, the $H_i-H_e$ gradient decreased; and it would appear that very little hydrogen ion as such penetrated to the inside of the cells during the time of observation. Although lactic acid presumably enters the cell and the same of larger load was given as was used for hydrochloric acid, only very mild intracellular acidosis resulted, ostensibly due to metabolism of this substrate. Gluconic acid produced a more severe acidosis, both intracellularly and extracellularly, but with both of these acids the hydrogen ion gradient decreased and the $H_i/H_e$ ratio also decreased. The experiments on the dogs with hemorrhagic shock the hydrogen ion increase producing the acidosis originates inside the cells. Even so, the hydrogen ion gradient increased only very slightly in the acute experiments. This may suggest that even over short intervals of time skeletal muscle cells have a capacity to pump out hydrogen ions at a rate which maintains approximately the normal $H_i/H_e$ gradient when the source of the hydrogen ion is in the interior of the cell.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.255-261
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• 2014

The generation amount of radioactive waste has been rapidly increased by increase of the usage of radioisotope source in medical field. Especially, the use of the radioactive source of I-131 with short half-life of 8.02 days used in treatment of thyroid has been increased, and all of the wastes concerned have been disposed by means of the self-disposal method. IAEA proposed criteria for clearance level of waste which depends on the individual (10 ${\mu}Sv/y$) and collective dose (1 man-Sv/y), and concentration of each nuclide (IAEA Safety Series No 111-P-1.1, 1992 and IAEA RS-G-1.7, 2004). In this study, various radioactive wastes in medical fields are collected and measured for establishing the disposal methods and procedures of radioactive wastes. In addition, comparison evaluation of decay storage period between the half-life which was calculated by attenuation curve based on real measurement and analytical half-life is considered. With comparing the theoretical half-life and the effective half life(7.72 days) which was based on the decay equation of measured data, it is resulted in the theoretical half-life is longer than effective half-life. The storage period of radioactive waste for self-disposal may be curtailed. The result of this study will be proposed as ISO standard.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.973-977
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• 2002

The pharmacokinetic of paclitaxel (1 mg/kg, i.v.) was investigated in rabbits with carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of paclitaxel was significantly (p<0.01) increased in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($1364.54{\pm}382.07$ ng/ml$\cdot$hr) compared to that of normal rabbits ($567.52{\pm}141.88$ ng/ml$\cdot$hr), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($803.1{\pm}208.81$ ng/ml$\cdot$hr). The volume of distribution (Vd) (6.25$\pm$1.56 L) and the elimination rate constant($\beta$) ($0.09{\pm}0.025{\;}hr^{-1}$) of paclitaxel in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits were significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared to those of normal rabbits ($11.65<{\pm}2.91$L, $0.12{\pm}0.030{\;}hr^{-1}$), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($9.46{\pm}2.37$ L, $0.10{\pm}0.026{\;}hr^{-1}$). Total body clearance ($CL_t$) of paclitaxel in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($0.733{\pm}0.183$ L/hr/kg) was significantly (p<0.01) decreased compared to that of normal rabbits ($1.762{\pm}0.440$ L/hr/kg), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($1.245{\pm}0.311$ L/hr/kg). The half-life(t1/2) of paclitaxel in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($7.71{\pm}2.16$ hr) was significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to that of normal rabbits ($5.75{\pm}1.44$hr), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($6.77{\pm}1.76$hr). This results could be due to inhibition of paclitaxel metabolism in liver disorder rabbits since paclitaxel is essentially metabolized in liver. The findings suggest that the dosage regimen of paclitaxel should be adjusted when the drug would be administered in patients with liver disorder in a clinical situation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.167-171
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to determine the usefulness of serum pepsinogen (PG) levels as a screening method for gastric cancer, and to assess the relationships between serum PG and clinicopathologic factors of gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Serum PG concentrations were measured in 94 subjects who were classified into (a) a control group (50 subjects) without abnormal endoscopic finding on a health checkup, or (b) a gastric cancer group (44 subjects) who had surgery at Daegu Catholic University Hospital between Nov. 2008 and May 2009. Receiver operator characteristic curves were utilized to select the most suitable test. Using different cutoff points, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. We compared preoperative serum PG levels with several clinicopathologic findings for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Results: The Serum PG I：II ratio was the most useful as a screening test. The sensitivity and specificity of PG screening for gastric cancer were, respectively, 81.8% and 82%. The cut off point correlated with the type of intestinal cancer (Lauren classification; P=0.003), tumor stage (P=0.001), and gastric adenocarcinoma with peritumoral chronic atrophic gastritis (P=0.036). Conclusion: Serum PG levels were found to be a potentially useful screening test and to correlate with clinicopathologic factors in gastric cancer patients. But, in order to use serum PG found in a health checkup for gastric cancer as a clinical application a large scale study is recommended.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.935-940
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• 2013

Background: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of conventional ultrasonography and real time ultrasound elastography in differentiating degenerating cystic thyroid nodules mimicking malignancy from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed conventional ultrasonographic and elastographic characteristics of 19 degenerating cystic thyroid nodules mimicking malignancy in 19 patients, with 30 surgically confirmed PTCs as controls. Based on size, the nodules had been grouped into less than 10mm (group A) and greater than 10 mm (group B). We evaluated conventional parameters and elasticity pattern. Color-scaled elastograms were graded as to stiffness of nodules using an elasticity pattern from I (soft) to IV (stiff). Results: Degenerating cystic thyroid nodules were similar to PTCs in conventional ultrasonographic findings, but the former frequently showed oval to round in shape (group A, 69.2% vs 18.8%, P=0.017; group B, 66.7% vs 7.14%, P=0.017) and punctuate hyperechoic foci (group A, 61.5% vs 0, P<0.001; group B, 50% vs 0, P<0.001). On real time ultrasound elastography, 7 of 13 degenerating cystic thyroid nodules in group A were pattern I, 5 were pattern II, 1 was pattern III. One degenerating cystic thyroid nodule in group B was pattern II, 5 were pattern III. The area under the curve for elastography was 0.98 in group A (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 100%, P = 0.002), and 0.88 in group B (sensitivity 16.7%, specificity 100%, P = 0.014). Conclusions: As a dependable imaging technique, elastography helps increase the performance in differential diagnosis of degenerating cystic thyroid nodule and malignancy.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.601-606
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• 2017

Cystoisospora is responsible for morbidity in immunocompromised patients. PCR is sensitive for diagnosing Cystoisospora; however, it needs reevaluation for differential molecular diagnosis of cystoisosporiasis. We aimed at evaluating melting curve analysis (MCA) after real-time PCR (qPCR) in diagnosis and genotyping of Cystoisospora as an alternative to conventional PCR. We included 293 diarrheic stool samples of patients attending the Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine of Cairo University Hospitals, Egypt. Samples were subjected to microscopy, nested PCR (nPCR), and qPCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA (r RNA) gene followed by melting temperatures ($T_ms$) analysis and comparing the results to PCR-RFLP banding patterns. Using microscopy and ITS2-nPCR, 3.1% and 5.8% of cases were Cystoisospora positive, respectively, while 10.9% were positive using qPCR. Genotyping of Cystoisospora by qPCR-MCA revealed 2 genotypes. These genotypes matched with 2 distinct melting peaks with specified $T_ms$ at $85.8^{\circ}C$ and $88.6^{\circ}C$, which indicated genetic variation among Cystoisospora isolates in Egypt. Genotype II proved to be more prevalent (65.6%). HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma and leukemic patients harbored both genotypes with a tendency to genotype II. Genotype I was more prevalent in lymphomas and mammary gland tumors while colorectal and hepatocellular tumors harbored genotype II suggesting that this genotype might be responsible for the development of cystoisosporiasis in immunocompromised patients. Direct reliable identification and differentiation of Cystoisospora species could be established using $qPCR-T_ms$ analysis which is useful for rapid detection and screening of Cystoisospora genotypes principally in high risk groups.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.172-173
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• 2006

Metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor (MFIS) structures with $Bi_{3.35}La_{0.75}Ti_3O_{12}$ (BLT) ferroelectric film and Zirconium oxide ($ZrO_2$) layer were fabricated on p-type Si(100). $ZrO_2$ and BLT films were prepared by sol-gel technique. Surface morphologies of $ZrO_2$ and BLT film were measured by atomic force microscope (AFM). The electrical characteristics of Au/$ZrO_2$/Si and Au/BLT/$ZrO_2$/Si film were investigated by C-V and I-V measurements. No hysteretic characteristics was observed in the C-V curve of the Au/$ZrO_2$/Si structure. The memory window width m C-V curve of the Au/BLT/$ZrO_2$/Si diode was about 1.3 V for a voltage sweep of ${\pm}5$ V. The leakage current of Au/$ZrO_2$/Si and Au/BLT/$ZrO_2$/Si structures were about $3{\times}10^{-8}$ A at 30 MV/cm and $3{\times}10^{-8}$ A at 3 MV/cm, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.214-224
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• 2022

Background: Studies of the prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still limited. This study investigated the prognostic power of CTCs from the pulmonary vein (PV), peripheral blood (PB), and bone marrow (BM) for postoperative recurrence in patients who underwent curative resection for NSCLC. Methods: Forty patients who underwent curative resection for NSCLC were enrolled. Before resection, 10-mL samples were obtained of PB from the radial artery, blood from the PV of the lobe containing the tumor, and BM aspirates from the rib. A microfabricated filter was used for CTC enrichment, and immunofluorescence staining was used to identify CTCs. Results: The pathologic stage was stage I in 8 patients (20%), II in 15 (38%), III in 14 (35%), and IV in 3 (8%). The median number of PB-, PV-, and BM-CTCs was 4, 4, and 5, respectively. A time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that PB-CTCs had excellent predictive value for recurrence-free survival (RFS), with the highest area under the curve at each time point (first, second, and third quartiles of RFS). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model, PB-CTCs were an independent risk factor for recurrence (hazard ratio, 10.580; 95% confidence interval, 1.637-68.388; p<0.013). Conclusion: The presence of ≥4 PB-CTCs was an independent poor prognostic factor for RFS, and PV-CTCs and PB-CTCs had a positive linear correlation in patients with recurrence.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 1997

An improved technique based upon an electron beam evaporation system has been developed to prepare cubic thin films In crystalline semiconductors. Zinc blonde CdSe epilayers were grown on GaAs(100) substrate by an e-beam evaporation method. The lattice parameter obtained from (400) reflection is $6.077\AA$, which is in excellent agreement with the value reported in the literature for zinc blonde CdSe. The orientation of the as-grown CdSe epilayer is determined by electron channeling patterns. The crystallinity of epitaxial CdSe layers were investigated on the double crystal X-ray rocking curve. The carrier concentration and mobility of epilayers deduced by Hall effect measurement are about $10^{18}{\textrm}{cm}^{-3}$, $10^2\textrm{cm}^2/V{\cdot}sec$ at room temperature, respectively. The photocurrent spectrum peak of the epilayer at 30 K exhibits a sharp change at 1.746 eV due to the free exciton of cubic CdSe.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 1996

To investigate the effect of the third intracellular loop (i3 loop) peptide of human $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor on receptor agonist binding, we expressed third intracellular loop region of human $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor as glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in E. coli. DNA fragment of the receptor gene which encodes amino acid 221-274 of human $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and subcloned into the bacterial fusion protein expression vector pGEX-CS and expressed as a form of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein in E. coli DH5$\alpha$. The receptor fusion protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot using monoclonal anti-GST antibody. The fusion protein expressed in this study was purified to an apparent homogeneity by glutathione Sepharose CL-4B affinity chromatography. The purified i3 loop fusion proteins at a concentration of 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ι caused right shift of the isoproterenol competition curve of [$^3$H]Dihydroalprenolol binding to hamster lung $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor indicating lowered affinity of isoproterenol to $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor possibly due to the uncoupling of receptor and G protein in the presence of the fusion protein. The uncoupling of receptor and G protein suggests that i3 loop region plays a critical role on $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor G protein coupling.