• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

This study aims to examine at the garden characteristics of salt merchant in Yangzhou, China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I looked at the background of garden formation through the literature. In addition, analyzed the garden design method and components of salt merchants. The results were as follows; First, the Yangzhou area in the past has achieved cultural and economic development with the establishment of the ancient Grand Canal. Salt merchants accumulated wealth through trade, and created many gardens under the background of securing materials for create garden through trade, forming political forces through the cultivation of students, and inflow of foreign cultures. Second, salt merchants in Yangzhou asked garden experts to design and create the garden as a place for exchange and relaxation. Also, through the production of landscape changes using Gasan(假山) and a long corridor(長廊), clear classification of spaces using architectural elements, and the placement of buildings in scenic areas adjacent to the water, the gardens with practical and aesthetic functions were owned. Third, the gardens of Yangzhou Salt Merchants have a building-oriented commercial space on the front, and a garden-centered design characteristic on the back. The garden of the commercial zone was built in a simple form using pots, oddly shaped stone, bamboo and fence patterns in the remained space, focusing on the front of the building. The garden at the back formed a curved waterway connected to the canal is refracted across the garden. The garden also features piled stones(疊石), stone bridges and ship-shaped stone building(石舫). In addition, the design reflected the introduction of trees that take into account the climate and color contrast of Yangzhou province, pavement of various materials and patterns.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1970

Only mannitol or glycerine is generally used for the determination of boric acid in a nickel plating solution in order to make its acidic property so strong that it can be titrated with NaOH. However, these solutions give very amgiguous color change of indicator due to the precipitation of nickel salts . Therefore, only experienced dchemistsorwell trained workimen can accurately confirm the actual end point of the titratiion. For eliminating such interference of nickel salts and easily confirming the end point by any persons , the author attempted to find out a solution which produces no precipitates during the titration in these experiments, and also he tried to funish the reason for ambiguousness in titration. The following results were obtained after many experiments. (1) In any titrations which produce nickel salts such nI(oh)$_2$, the salt is formed umption very approximate to the end point, which shows some error by the consumption of titrant(NaOH) . Then, the pink color of phenolphthalein is absorbed by Ni(OH)$_2$ and the pH jumping at the end pint is also diminished to as little as less than 15% of the total phenophthalein ph range. (2) Known methods by complex salts of citrate,w hich do not produce precipitates of Ni(OH)$_2$, are also not very satisfactory, because, the pH jumping at the end point is only about 35% and the color change of phenolphthalein is form blue-green to purple-blue. (3) New method by complex salts of oxalate were attempted in these experiments. They also did not produce precipitates of Ni(OH)$_2$ and were very satisfactory in color change at the end of point was about 65% and the color change was from blue-green to purpled. In this methods, analytica cost was minimized by the use of less amounts of cheaper chemicals than the conventional citrates complex methods. The mixture of chemicals used was composed methods. The mixture of chemical used was composed of 37g/ι of sodium oxalate(Na$_2$C$_2$O$_4$$.$5H$_2$O), 2g/ι of phenolphthalein, and 400ml /ι of glycerin. The accuracy of analysis was within the error of 0.5%. (4) The procedure of analysis was as follows. One ml of nickel plating solution was taken out and to it were added 20ml of water and 20 ml of the above mixture for the indicator. The solution was titrated with 0.1N NaOH. The quantity of boric acid was calculated by the following equation. Boric acid (g/ι) = 6.184${\times}$F${\times}$ml .

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.321-325
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to re-concept the future battle of the Army, which combines the effects of advanced technology on the concept of combat and the AICBM technology. The "war concept" changes with the times, and can be seen through the following two examples. First, it is a concept that achieves relative superiority by analyzing enemies. A case in point is the U.S. military's development of a "public joint battle" into a "multi-domain operation." Second, it is 'science and technology' that leads to a change in the concept of combat. A case in point is that the firepower warfare on land and sea in World War I developed from World War II to "air warfare" due to the emergence of aircraft. In this regard, the U.S. military is focusing on the concept of fighting in line with the future operational environment based on high-tech science and technology and the construction of the future military through the creation of the "Future Command." Therefore, our military needs to utilize the major technologies of the fourth industrial revolution as an opportunity to develop the concept of future combat, and the future war will greatly affect the development of the concept of advanced science and technology carrying out war, as AIC technology based on the fourth industrial revolution will promote innovation in defense operations in the form of super-connected, super-intelligence and super-integration. Therefore, this study will present the impact of advanced technology on the concept of combat and the concept of battle of the future Army incorporating the technology of AICBM.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2012

Co-(0.8 wt%) and Ce-(0.4 wt%) doped cubic zirconia ($ZrO_2$ : $Y_2O_3$ = 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40, 50 : 50 wt%) single crystals grown by a skull melting method were heat-treated in $N_2$ at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. The orange, yellowish brown and brown colored as-grown single crystals were changed into either brownish red, yellow and green color after the heat treatment. Before and after the heat treatment, the YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) single crystals were cut for wafer form (${\phi}6.5mm{\times}t2mm$). The optical and structural properties were examined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction. Absorption by $Ce^{3+}(^2F_{5/2,7/2}(4f){\rightarrow}^2T_g(5d^1))$, $Co^{2+}(^4A_2(^4F){\rightarrow}^4T_1(^4F)$ or $^4T_1(^4P))$ and $Co^{3+}$, change of ionization energy and lattice parameter were confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.136-140
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• 2000

A stainless steel separator for a molten carbonate fuel cell is usually coated with aluminum diffusive layer to protect its surface against corrosion by the molten carbonate at high temperatures. In this study, a relatively simple method was devised to form the aluminum diffusive layer on a stainless steel substrate. Slurry coating of aluminum on the substrate followed by heat treatment under reducing atmosphere at $650\~800^{\circ}C$ produced the aluminum diffusive layer of $25\~80{\mu}m$ thickness. The thickness of aluminum diffusive layer increased with increasing the temperature or duration of the heat-treatment. The corrosion resistance against molten carbonate under oxidizing atmosphere was significantly improved by aluminum diffusive layer formed by the sluny painting and heat treatment method. Moreover, the sample prepared in this study showed corrosion behavior similar to the sample with aluminum diffusive layer prepared by ion vapor deposition and heat treatment.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.757-779
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• 2000

The aim of our study is to achieve complete periodontal tissue regeneration by the application of BMP and resorbable membrane. Three beagle dogs aged over one and half years and weighed 14 to 16 kg were used in this study. Mandibular 1st, 2nd premolars were extracted bilaterally. Horizontal furcation defects were induced around 3rd, 4th premolars bilaterally. BMP-4 were applied in the right side with resorbable membranes and only resorbable membranes were applied in the left side respectively. Each animal was sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8weeks, after regenerative surgery. Specimens were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain and Goldner's modified Masson Trichrome stain for light microscopic evaluation. The results were as follows: 1. At 2 weeks after regenerative surgery, downgrowth of junctional epithelium was observed both in the membraneapplied site and BMP-4-and-membrane-applied site. 2. At 4 weeks after regenerative surgery, resorbable membranes were completely resolved, therefore would not prevent downgrowth of junctional epithelium. New bone formation, new cementum formation and Sharpey's fiber were observed in BMP-4-andmembrane-applied site. 3. At 8 weeks after regenerative surgery, downgrowth of junctional epithelium was observed in the membrane-applied site. But, new cementum formation was observed in the same site. The extensive regeneration of new bone, new cementum and remarkable formation of Shapey's fiber were showed in BMP-4-and-membrane-applied site. 4. Resorbable membranes were resolved via the cell-mediated processes. 5. Periodontal tissue regeneration were better achieved in the BMP-4-andmembrane-applied site than in the membrane-applied site. Within the above results, BMP-4 may have the strong capability to form the new bone and resorbable membrane may be able to prevent the bony ankylosis. However, resolution rate of resorbable membrane may not be enough to protect rapid epithelial downgrowth for ideal periodontal regeneration. In conclusion, I suggest BMP-4 may have the strong possibility to be utilized in the clinical periodontal treat-

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.527-537
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• 1998

This article is a part of a research on the elementary science curriculum development to enhance creative problem-solving abilities. The components of the curriculum have been identified as 'scientific knowledge', 'process skills' & 'divergent/critical thinking'. Among these components, construction of the scientific knowledge that enables creative problem-solving abilities has been selected as an intensive research topic for the purpose of the present research. To avoid or to prevent the knowledge learned from separate facts and concepts, five themes have been selected so as to incorporate with all three areas of the elementary science curriculum, i.e., physical science, earth science and life science. The five themes are, 'structure', 'change', 'interaction', 'energy' and 'stability'. The contents of elementary science, which have been selected from the 3rd, 6th and 7th National Elementary Science curriculum, were reconstructed based on the five themes given above. The results of reconstruction are presented in the form of matrix, such that the vertical axis represents how the concepts are related within each domain of science, while the horizontal axis shows how the concepts are interconnected between domains of science. Therefore, based upon the five themes, individual or separate knowledge can be put into more unified knowledge so that contribution of knowledge transfer to new ones can be expected for leaners who will be creative in problem-solving. The process and products of the curriculum development as well as the background of the present research are described and discussed in detail.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.109-119
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• 2012

For membrane structure, there are three main steps in design and construction, which are form finding, statistical load analysis, and cutting patterning. Unlike the first two stages, the step of cutting pattern involves the translation of a double-curved surface in 3D space into a 2D plane with minimal error. For economic reasons, the seam lines of generated cutting patterns rely greatly on the geodesic line. Generally, as searching regions of the seam line are plane elements in the step of shape analysis, the seam line is not a smooth curve, but an irregularly divided straight line. So, it is how we make an irregularly divided straight line a smooth curve that defines the quality of the pattern. Accordingly, in this paper, we analyzed interpolation schemes using spline, and apply these methods to cutting pattern generation on the curved surface. To generate the pattern, three types of spline functions were used, i.e., cubic spline function, B-spline, and least-square spline approximation, and simple model and the catenary-shaped membrane was adopted to examine the result of generation. The result of comparing the approximation curves by the number of elements and the number of extracted nodes of simple model revealed that the seam line for less number of extracted nodes with large number of elements were more efficient, and the least-square spline approximation provided smoother seam line than other methods.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.29-38
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• 2013

The G-class cement is commonly used in practice for geothermal well cementing in order to protect a steel casing that is designed to transport hot water/steam from deep subsurface to ground surface during operating a geothermal power plant. In order to maintain optimal performance of geothermal wells, physical properties of the cementing material should be satisfactory. In this paper, relevant factors (i.e., groutability, uniaxial compression strength, thermal conductivity and free fluid content) of the G-class cement were experimentally examined with consideration of various water-cement (w/c) ratios. Important findings through the experiments herein are as follows. (1) Groutability of the G-class cement increases by adding a small dose of retarder. (2) There would be a structural defect caused when the w/c ratio is kept higher in order to secure groutability. (3) Thermal conductivity of the G-class cement is small enough to prevent heat loss from hot steam or water to the outer ground formation during generating electricity. (4) The G-class cement does not form free water channel in cementing a geothermal well. (5) The Phenolphthalein indicator is applicable to the distinction of the G-class cement from the drilling mud.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2013

In this study we aims to examine the effects of $Co_3O_4$ and NiO doping on the defects and electrical properties in ZnO-$Bi_2O_3-Sb_2O_3$ (Sb/Bi=0.5) varistors. It seemed to form ${Zn_i}^{{\cdot}{\cdot}}$(0.20 eV) and ${V_o}^{\cdot}$(0.33 eV) as dominant defects in Co and Ni co-doped ZBS system, however only ${V_o}^{\cdot}$ appeared in Co- or Ni-doped ZBS. Even though the same defects it was different in capacitance (1.5~4.5 nF) and resistance ($0.3{\sim}9.5k{\Omega}$). The varistor characteristics were improved with Co and Co+Ni doping (non-linear coefficient, ${\alpha}$= 36 and 29, relatively) in ZBS. The various parameters ($N_d=1.43{\sim}2.33{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$, $N_t=1.40{\sim}2.28{\times}10^{12}cm^{-2}$, ${\Phi}b$=1.76~2.37 V, W= 98~118 nm) calculated from the C-V characteristics in our systems did not depend greatly on the type of dopant, which were in the range of a typical ZnO varistors. It should be derived a improved C-V equation carefully for more reliable parameters because the variation of the varistor capacitance as a function of the applied dc voltage is depend on the defect, frequency, and temperature.