• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.149-150
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• 2007

ONO(Oxide-Nitride-Oxide)구조는 기억소자의 전하보유 능력을 향상시키기 위해 도입된 게이트 절연막이다. 본 연구에서는 ELA(Excimer Laser Annealing)방법으로 비정질 실리콘을 결정화 시켜서 그 위에 NVM(Nonvolatile Memory)소자를 만들어 전기적 특성을 측정하여 결과를 나타내었다. 실험 결과 같은 크기의 $V_D$에서 $V_G$를 조절함으로써 $I_D$의 크기를 조절할 수 있었다. $V_G-I_D$ Graph에서는 $I_{on}$과 $I_{off}$, 그리고 Threshold Voltage를 알 수 있었다. $I_{on}/I_{off}$ Ratio는 $10^3-10^4$이다. $V_G-I_D$ Graph에서는 게이트에 인가하는 Bias의 양을 통해서 Threshold Voltage의 크기를 조절할 수 있었다. 이는 Trap되는 Charge의 양을 임의로 조절할 수 있다는 것을 의미하며, 이러한 Programming과 Erasing의 특성을 이용하여 기억소자로서의 역할을 수행하게 된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1419-1424
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• 2001

Previous research in our laboratory has demonstrated the importance of lactose in phase I and II pig starter diets. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of a carbohydrate by-product (food by-products) as a replacement for lactose. In Exp. I, 120 weaned pigs ($14{\pm}2d$ and 5.65kg) were allotted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to 10 replications with four pigs per pen. This experiment evaluated three carbohydrate sources (lactose, carbohydrate by-product, and 50-50 blend of the carbohydrate by-product and lactose). The carbohydrate sources were added at 26% in the phase I diets and 15% in the phase II diets. Phase I diets contained 7.5% spray dried plasma protein (SDP). The phase I diets were fed from d 0 to 14 and the phase II diets from d 15 to 28. There were no significant differences between carbohydrate sources on pig performance in phase I. However, during phase II pigs fed the diet with lactose had an improved gain/feed ratio (G/F) (p=0.06) compared to pigs fed the carbohydrate by-product. For the entire 28 d trial ADG, ADFI and G/F were similar for the 50-50 blend and those fed lactose. Total replacement of lactose with the carbohydrate byproduct resulted in a reduced G/F (p=0.09). Exp. 2 used 100 weaned pigs ($17{\pm}2d$ and 4.75kg) with five replications with five pigs per pen. This experiment evaluated four carbohydrate treatments (lactose, carbohydrate by-products, 50-50 blend, and corn). All phase I diets contained 3.5% SDP with the carbohydrate sources included at 15%, and were fed d 0 to 14. The phase II diets contained 7.5% of the carbohydrate sources and were fed d 15 to 27. A common phase III diet was fed d 28 to 42. During all phases pigs fed com tended to have a lower ADG than pigs fed the other carbohydrate sources with the 50-50 blend resulting in the highest ADG. The results of both experiments suggest that this carbohydrate by-product can replace at least 50% of the lactose in phase I and phase II pig starter diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2004

Eighteen water buffalo calves of Nili-Ravi breed (about 15 months age and of $147{\pm}12$ kg average body weight and mixed sex) were used with six animals on each treatment. All the animals were fed long wheat straw for ad libitum intake as the basal ration. Animals in group-I were supplemented with ad libitum amount of urea molasses block having cotton seed meal (CSMB) while the animals in group-II were supplemented with ad libitum urea molasses block containing sunflower seed meal (SFMB) and group III animals were supplemented with a fixed amount of commercial concentrate feed (CCF). The experiment lasted for a period of 80 days (April to June). Results revealed a significantly decreased total feed intake (wheat straw+supplements) in group-III ($1,666{\pm}52$ g/h/d) as compared to group I ($2,299{\pm}194$ g/h/d) and group-II ($2,193{\pm}230$ g/h/d). Average daily supplement intakes were $891{\pm}87$; $666{\pm}104$ and $593{\pm}0$ grams per head in group I, II and III, respectively. Supplement intakes among groups were different (p<0.05). Average daily body weight gains (g/h) were $214{\pm}25$, $174{\pm}23 $and $183{\pm}24$ for group I, II and III, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be $10.74{\pm}1.12$, $12.60{\pm}0.88$ and $9.90{\pm}1.33$ grams for group No. I, II and III, respectively. The economic net benefit of live weight gain of calves were 7.63, 6.11 and 7.33 rupees/h/d for group No. I, II and III, respectively. Thus SFM can replace CSM and urea molasses blocks can replace commercial concentrates as supplement to basal ration of wheat straw.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.325-329
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• 2003

Effects of thermal treatment on the structural properties of diamond-like carbon (DU) films were examined. The DLC films were deposited by using a modified filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) deposition system and by varying the negative substrate bias voltage, deposition time, and nitrogen flow rate. Thermal treatment on DLC films was performed using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process at $600^{\circ}C$ for 2min. Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscope (AFM), and surface profiler were used to characterize the I$_{D}$I$_{G}$ intensity ratio, sp$^3$ hybrid carbon fraction, internal stress, and surface roughness. It was found for all the deposited DLC films that the RTA-treatment results in the release of internal compressive stress, while at the same time it leds to the decrease of sp$^3$ fraction and the increase of I$_{D}$I$_{G}$ intensity ratio. It was also suggested that the thermal treatment effect on the structural property of DLC films strongly depends on the diamond-like nature (i.e., sp$^3$ fraction) of as-deposited film.ed film.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1290-1298
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• 2001

A total of 371 weaned pigs were used in three experiments to evaluate the effects of spray dried plasma (SDP), soybean protein sources, and lactose on growth performance. In Exp. 1, 128 pigs (5.99 kg, $18{\pm}2d$) were used to evaluate the effect of SDP (0 vs 7%), lactose (0 vs 30%), and two soybean protein sources [soybean meal (SBM) and extruded soybean protein concentrate (ESPC)] in phase I (d 0 to 14) diets on pig performance in a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Spray-dried plasma increased phase I ADG (p<0.01) and ADFI (p<0.05) in the SBM diets, but not in the ESPC diets. Lactose improved ADG and gain/feed ratio (G/F) in phase I (p<0.01). In Exp. 2, 144 pigs (5.50 kg, $17{\pm}3d$) were used to evaluate the effect of SDP (0 vs. 3.5%) and three soybean protein sources [SBM, ESPC, and soybean protein concentrate (SPC)] in phase I diets, and the effects of two different phase II (d 14 to 28) diets (simple vs complex) in a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. In phase I, SDP increased ADG (p<0.01) and improved G/F (p<0.05). Pigs fed SBM had the highest ADG and ADFI, with a G/F similar to the pigs fed ESPC. In phase II, pigs fed the complex diet had improved ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05), and G/F (p<0.05) compared to the simple diet. In Exp. 3, 99 weaned pigs (5.77 kg, $17{\pm}3$d) were used to evaluate the effect of SBM, ESPC, and ESPC with SDP in the phase I diets. Pigs fed SBM with no blood product in the diet had the lowest ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.01), and G/F (p<0.05) in the first week of phase I. There were no differences in soybean protein sources fed in phase I diets on overall pig performance. These experiments are indicated that SDP and lactose improve the phase I performance. Soybean meal can be used as the major protein source in phase I diets with SDP.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.48-54
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• 2000

This paper describes the effect of molding pressure, specimen geometries for Mixed Mode I/II interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites by using asymmetrical double cantilever beam(ADCB) specimen. The value of $G_{I/IIC}$ as a function of various molding pressure is almost same at 307, 431, 585 kPa. However it shows the highest value under 307 kPa molding pressure. The effect of $G_{I/IIC}$ due to the change of initial crack length of ADCB specimen was almost negligible in this study. It turns out that the condition for mix mode quasi-static crack growth in ADCB specimen is the ratio of the crack length to that of the specimen, i.e., ${\alpha}/L<0.4$.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.414-420
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• 2001

A 30-kV plasma immersion ion implantation setup (P $I^3$) has been equipped with a self-developed 6'-magnetron to perform hard coatings with enhanced adhesion by P $I^3$D(P $I^3$ assisted deposition) process. Using ICP source with immersed Ti antenna and reactive magnetron sputtering of Ti target in $N_2$/Ar ambient gas mixture, the TiN films were prepared on Si substrates at different pulse bias and ion-to-atom arrival ratio ( $J_{i}$ $J_{Me}$ ). Prior to TiN film formation the nitrogen implantation was performed followed by deposition of Ti buffer layer under A $r^{+}$ irradiation. Films grown at $J_{i}$ $J_{Me}$ =0.003 and $V_{pulse}$=-20kV showed columnar grain morphology and (200) preferred orientation while those prepared at $J_{i}$ $J_{Me}$ =0.08 and $V_{pulse}$=-5 kV had dense and eqiaxed structure with (111) and (220) main peaks. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed some amount of $Ti_{x}$ $N_{y}$ in the films. The maximum microhardness of $H_{v}$ =35 GN/ $M^2$ was at the pulse bias of -5 kV. The P $I^3$D technique was applied to enhance wear properties of commercial tools of HSS (SKH51) and WC-Co alloy (P30). The specimens were 25-kV PII nitrogen implanted to the dose 4.10$^{17}$ c $m^{-2}$ and then coated with 4-$\mu\textrm{m}$ TiN film on $Ti_{x}$ $N_{y}$ buffer layer. Wear resistance was compared by measuring weight loss under sliding test (6-mm $Al_2$ $O_3$ counter ball, 500-gf applied load). After 30000 cycles at 500 rpm the untreated P30 specimen lost 3.10$^{-4}$ g, and HSS specimens lost 9.10$^{-4}$ g after 40000 cycles while quite zero losses were demonstrated by TiN coated specimens.s.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2008

We have studied the effect of heat treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as a counter electrode on the electro-chemical properties of dye-snsitized solar cells. MWNTs on the p-type Si substrate were synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using Fe catalysts. We prepared the two types of MWNTs samples with the different diameters. The rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatment for the MWNTs was carried out at the growth temperature ($900^{\circ}C$) for 1 minute with $N_2$ gas atmosphere. The structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of MWNTs were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, 2-point probe station and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The I(D)/I(G) ratio of heat-treated MWNTs in Raman spectra was considerably decreased. It was also found that the heat-treated MWNTs showed better redox reaction of iodide at the interface between MWNTs surface and electrolyte than that of as-grown MWNTs. The redox resistance value of heat-treated electrodes was measured to be much lower than that of as-grown electrode at the interface. As a result, the counter electrode using the heat-treated MWNTs showed better electrochemical properties.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1250-1255
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• 2008

Onchungeum(OCE), a herbal formula, has been used for treatment of anemia, discharging blood and skin diseases. In the previous study, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of OCE by G1 arrest of the cell cycle in human hepatocarcinoma cells, Hep3B cells. In this study, it was examined that the difference of anti-proliferative mechanisms by change in the ratio of OCE composition (OCE I) in Hep3B cells. Treatment of OCE I exhibited a relatively strong anti-proliferative activity and caused various morphological changes such as membrane shrinkage and cell floating. In addition, OCE-I arrests the cell cycle at G1 phase, which was associated with the down-regulation of cyclin D1 and Cdk6 expressions. The G1 arrest was also associated with the induction of Cdk inhibitors p27 and p21. Moreover, both p21 and p27 were detected by immunoprecipitation with anti-Cdk4 and anti-Cdk2 antibodies in OCE I-treated cells but in case of OCE, p21 did not make any complexes with Cdk4 and Cdk2. These results suggest that the change in the ratio of OCE composition might induce different mechanisms in anti-cancer efficacy of OCE, which may confer characteristic principles in oriental medical formula.

• Carbon letters
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• v.18
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• pp.37-42
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• 2016

Graphene was grown on molybdenum (Mo) foil by a chemical vapor deposition method at different growth temperatures (1000℃, 1100℃, and 1200℃). The properties of graphene were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the quality of the deposited graphene layer was affected by the growth temperature. XRD results showed the presence of a carbide phase on the Mo surface; the presence of carbide was more intense at 1200℃. Additionally, a higher I_2D/I_G ratio (0.418) was observed at 1200℃, which implies that there are fewer graphene layers at this temperature. The lowest I_D/I_G ratio (0.908) for the graphene layers was obtained at 1200℃, suggesting that graphene had fewer defects at this temperature. The size of the graphene domains was also calculated. We found that by increasing the growth temperature, the graphene domain size also increased.