• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 1999

Hydrocarbon compounds in vadose zone soils caused by adsorption onto the surfaces of solid particles are generally considered to show retardation effect. In this study, we investigated the retardation effect on the transport of Benzene in a sandy soil by conducting batch and column tests. The batch test was conducted by equilibrating dry soil mass with Benzene solutions of various initial concentrations. and by analyzing the concentrations of Benzene in initial and equilibrated solutions using HPLC. The column test consisted of monitoring the concentrations of effluent versus time known as a breakthrough curve (BTC). We used KCl and Benzene solutions with the concentration of 10 g/L and 0.88 g/L as a tracer, and injected them into the inlet boundary of the soil sample as a square pulse type respectively, and monitored the effluent concentrations at the exit boundary under a steady state condition using an EC-meter and HPLC. From the batch test, we obtained a distribution coefficient assuming that a linear adsorption isotherm exists and calculated the retardation factor based on the bulk density and porosity of the column sample. We also predicted the column BTC curve using the retardation factor obtained from the distribution coefficient and compared with the measured BTC of Benzene. The results of the column test showed that i) the peak concentration of Benzene was much smaller than that of KCl and ⅱ) the travel times of peak concentrations for the two tracers were more or less identical. These results indicate that adsorption of Benzene onto the sand panicles occurred during the pulse propagation but the retardation of Benzene caused by adsorption was not present in the studied soil. Comparison of the predicted with the measured BTC of Benzene resulted in a poor agreement due to the absence of the retardation phenomenon. The only way to describe the absolute decrease of Benzene concentration in the column leaching experiment was to introduce a decay or sink coefficient in the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) model to account for an irreversible sorption of Benzene in the aqueous phase.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.157-171
• /
• 2001

Astrocytes are glial cells that play a major role in the inflammation observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Upon stimulation from various agents, these cells adopt a reactive phenotype, a morphological hallmark in AD pathology, during which they themselves may produce still more inflammatory cytokines. Substance P (SP) can stimulate secretion of tumor necrosis $factor-\;{\alpha}$ $(TNF-\;{\alpha})$ from astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here I report that Sunghyangjungkisan- ga- pogokyoung(Sgp) can modulate cytokines secretion from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Sgp $(10\;to\;1000\;{\mu}g/ml)$ significantly inhibited the $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with LPS and SP. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. Treatment of Sgp $(10\;to\;1000\;{\mu}g/ml)$ to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion significantly. The secretion of $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ by LPS and SP in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. Neurodegenerative processes in AD are thought to be driven in part by the deposition of ${\beta}\;-amyloid\;(A\;{\beta})$, a 39- to 43-amino acid peptide product resulting from an alternative cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Sgp $(10\;to\;1000\;{\mu}g/ml)$ significantly inhibited the $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with $A-{\beta}-$and IL-1. These results suggest that Sgp may inhibit $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that Sgp has an antiinflammatory activity in AD brain

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.145-159
• /
• 2005

Objective : Juglandis Semen has a function that to invigorate the lung and kidney. And It is commonly used as a supporting agent in the treatment of coughing and bronchitis. This study was performed to investigate the effect of oral administration of Juglandis Semen Extract (JSE) against the experimental asthma induced by ovalbumin. Methods : Asthma was induced to Balb/c mouse by i.p. injection and aerosol immunization with ovalbumin. It was observed the change of the cell number in the BAL fluid. Concentrations of IL-4, IL-5 in splenoc yte were assessed by ELISA, IgG and IgE from serum were calculated by same method. Results : 1. Number of macrophage in BAL fluid was significantly decreased in JSE group compared with control group, but not eosinophil and lymphocyte. 2. Levels of IgG and IgE in serum were significantly decreased in JSE group compared with control group, respectively. 3. Concentration of IL-4 in culture supernatant of splenocyte was significantly decreased in JSE group compared with control group, but there was no significant in IL-5. Conclusion : We found that the effect of JSE extract in asthma was implicated in reduction of IL4released from Th2 cell, and decreases of IgG and IgE from plasma cell. These findings suggest that JSE can produce anti-asthmatic effect, which may play a role in allergen-induced asthma therapy.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 1999

중추신경계의 미주신경동쪽핵(DMV)내 유사핵분열후 신경세포로 외래 유전자를 전달하는 매개체로서 pseudorabies 바이러스(PRV)의 유전자 조작기술은 흰쥐의 결장내로 PRV를 주입시킨 후 복잡한 신경로 추적에 관한 연구에서 하나의 바이러스에 의해 얻어지는 것보다 더욱 유용한 결과산출이 가능하게 하였다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐의 생체내 실험모델로 하나의 바이러스 또는 이중 바이러스 주입에 PRV의 유전자 조작된 2종 바이러스를 사용하였다. 이 2종의 바이러스는 PRV의 Bartha 종에서 유래되었지만 면역조직화학적으로 검출할 수 있는 동일한 유전산물을 산출할 수 있도록 구성되었다. PRV-BaBlu는 PRV 게놈의 Us 구역 중 gC 자리에 lacZ 유전자를 삽입하여 산출되었는데 $\beta-galactosidase$ 발현은 이 바이러스에 감염된 신경원의 독특한 표시자로 나타났다. PRV-D는 2가지 단계에 의해 조성되었는데 첫째, PRV-Bartha의 Us 구역의 일부 유전자를 제거하고, 야생형인 PRV-Be DNA로 복구시켰는데 이로써 PRV-D는 PRV-Bartha 또는 PRV-Bablu에 존재하고 있지 않는 외피 당단백질인 gE와 gI를 지니게 되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, PRV-D의 개별적 접종에 의해 얻어진 감염은 PRV-BaBlu에 의한 동일 신경회로의 감염보다 유의하게 빨랐다. 둘째, 유전자 조작된 PRV의 변이종은 변이종 상호간 및 부모 바이러스와 상이하였다. PRV-D는 PRV-Bartha 또는 PRV-BaBlu보다 감염독성이 더 강했고, PRV-BaBlu는 PRV-Bartha보다 감염독성이 약했다. 셋째, 결장을 지배하는 미주신경동쪽핵내 신경원은 변이종 바이러스들을 동시에 접종하였을 경우 이중감염을 나타내었다.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.109-120
• /
• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of KHchunggan-tang aqueous extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by palmitate. Materials and Methods: To generate a cellular model of NAFLD, we used HepG2 cells, a human hepatoma cell line, treated with 0.5 mM palmitate. By this cellular model, effects of KHchunggan-tang aqueous extract were evaluated. Intracellular lipid accumulation, free radical formation, and apoptosis were detected by Nile red staining, 2',7'-dichloroflourescin diacetate(H2DCF-DA), and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI)/propidium iodide(PI) staining, respectively. Some proteins related with NAFLD were determined by western blot. Results: Typical pathological features of NAFLD occurred in the cellular model. Palmitate increased the levels of intracellular lipid vacuoles, decreased cell viability, and increased apoptosis. Palmitate increased free radical formation and lipid peroxidation, too. However, KHchunggan-tang aqueous extract reduced palmitate-induced pathologic features, i.e. steatosis, free radical formation, and apoptosis. In addition, KHchunggan-tang aqueous extract suppressed palmitate-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) signaling, and SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, significantly reversed the palmitate-induced pathologic changes as KHchunggan-tang aqueous extract. It means that the signaling pathway other than JNK can be involved in the KHchunggan-tang mediated cellular protection of palmitate-treated Hep G2 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that KHchunggan-tang aqueous extract has hepatoprotective effects on NAFLD with combined properties in cellular steatosis, ROS production, and cytoprotection, and thus may have valuable clinical applications for treatment of this chronic liver disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.1243-1250
• /
• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of oral administration of deer horn against the asthma. Deer horn improves body metabolism and strengthens overall health, especially in elderly persons and young children. Additionally, it stimulates sexual function in females and can stimulate wound healing. Asthma was induced to Balblc mouse by i.p. injection and aerosol immunization with ovalbumin. It was observed the change of the eosinophil number in the BALF. Concentrations of IL-4, IL-5 in BALF and splenocyte were assessed by ELISA, IgG and IgE from serum were calculated by same method. The number of eosinophil in BALF was not significantly changed in deer horn group compared with control group. Concentration of IL-4 in BALF was significantly decreased in deer horn group compared with control group. Levels of IL-5 from BALF and splenocyte were significantly decreased in deer horn group compared with control group, respectively. Concentrations of IgE and IgG in serum were significantly decreased in deer horn group compared with control group, separately. We found that the effect of deer horn extract in asthma was implicated in reductions of IL-4, IL-5 released from Th2 cell, and decreases of IgG, IgE from plasma cell. These findings suggest that deer horn extract can produce anti-asthmatic effect, which may play a role in allergen-induced asthma therapy.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2019

Objectives : Amyloid ${\beta}(A{\beta})$ could induce cognitive deficits through oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuron death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study was investigated the effect of Angelica keiskei KOIDZUMI (AK) on memory in $A{\beta}$-induced an AD model. Methods : AK was extracted uses 70% ethanol solvent. Total polyphenol and flavonoids content were obtained by the Folin-Ciocalteu and the Ethylene glycol colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activities were assessed through free radical scavenging assays using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods. Intracerebroventrical (i.c.v) injection of $A{\beta}$ 1-42 was used to induce AD in male ICR mice, followed by administrations of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg AK on a daily. Animals were subjected to short and long term memory behavior in Y-maze and passive avoidance test. Results : The total polyphenol and flavonoids contents of the AK extract were $88.73{\pm}6.36mg$ gallic acid equivalent/g, $84.21{\pm}5.04mg$ rutin equivalent/g, respectively. The assays of DPPH and ABTS revealed that AK extract in treated concentrations (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) increased antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of AK extract significantly reversed the $A{\beta}$ 1-42-induced decreasing of the spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and $A{\beta}$ 1-42-induced shorting of the step-through latency in the passive avoidance test. Conclusions : The findings suggest that AK indicated the antioxidant protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced memory deficits, and therefore a potential lead natural therapeutic drug or agent for AD.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.260-269
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of adsorption models for understanding the thermodynamic properties of adsorption process. For this study, the adsorption isotherm data of $NO_3$-N ion onto a commercial anion exchange resin obtained at various experimental conditions, i.e. different initial concentrations of adsorbate, different dosages of adsorbent, and different temperatures, were used in calculating the thermodynamic parameters and the adsorption energy of adsorption process. The Gibbs free energy change (${\Delta}G^0$) of adsorption process could be calculated using the Langmuir constant $b_M$ as well as the Sips constant, even though the results were significantly dependant on the experimental conditions. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy change (${\Delta}H^0$), standard entropy change (${\Delta}S^0$) and ${\Delta}G^0$ could be calculated by using the experimental data obtained at different temperatures, if the adsorption data well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model and the plot of ln b versus 1/T gives a straight line. As an alternative, the empirical equilibrium constant(K) defined as $q_e/C_e$ could be used for evaluating the thermodynamic parameters instead of the Langmuir constant. The results from the applications of D-R model and Temkin model to evaluate the adsorption energy suggest that the D-R model is better than Temkin model for describing the experimental data, and the availability of Temkin model is highly limited by the experimental conditions. Although adsorption energies determined using D-R model show significantly different values depending on the experimental conditions, they were sufficient to show that the adsorption of $NO_3$-N onto anion exchange resin is an endothermic process and an ion-exchange process.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.237-248
• /
• 2014

Linear cutting test is known to be very effective to determine machine parameters (i.e. thrust force and torque) and to estimate penetration rate of TBM and other operation conditions. Although the linear cutting test has significant advantages, the test is expensive and time-consuming because it requires large size specimen and high load capacity of the testing machine. Therefore, a few empirical prediction models (e.g. CSM, NTNU and QTBM) alternatively adopt laboratory index tests to estimate design parameters of TBM. This study discusses the estimation method of TBM machine parameters and disc cutter consumption using punch penetration test and Cerchar abrasion test of which the researches are rare. The cutter forces and cutter consumption can be estimated by the empirical models derived from the relationship between laboratory test result with field data and linear cutting test data. In addition, the estimation process was programmed through which the design parameters of TBM (e.g. thrust, torque, penetration rate, and cutter consumption) are automatically estimated using laboratory test results.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.231-237
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze phosphate adsorption characteristic of the filter media applied in water purification technology. And it is also to observe the removal efficiency of the technology that was developed by combining the purification abilities of filter media and the vegetation mat. The filter media, Adphos, is the subject of this study. The result of adsorption test shows that $PO_4{^{3-}-P}$ adsorption characteristics of Adphos is determined by the Langmuir isotherm model fitting and the $q_m$ (maximum adsorption amount) value is calculated as 1.162 mg/g. To verify the removal efficiency of the purification technology, a lab-scale reactor, including a 400 mm depth of filter bed filled by Adphos, was manufactured. Yellow flag Iris (Iris pseudacours L.) was planted on the vegetation bed and the coir-roll was used to fix the root of vegetation. The reactor ran 8 hours per day over 71 days, and the results of filtration experiment show that average removal efficiency of SS, T-N and T-P were calculated as 94%, 41% and 64% respectively. With these results, it was proved that the purification technology is highly effective. And for the long-time use, a maintenance guide is also required.