• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.2
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• pp.203-206
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• 2012

Cystic lesions or progressive cystic changes in adenocarcinoma of the lung have rarely been reported. We report a case of lung adenocarcinoma that progressed from ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and consolidations or nodules to extensive cystic lesions during 12 months in a young adult patient. A 29-year-old male was initially diagnosed with primary lung adenocarcinoma by transbronchial lung biopsy of the right lower lobe and lung to lung metastasis in both lungs according to imaging findings. The initial chest computed tomography (CT) scans showed multifocal GGOs, consolidations, and nodules in both lungs. Despite treatment with palliative chemotherapy, the patient's follow-up CT scans showed multiple, cystic changes in both lungs and that the lesions had progressed more extensively. He died of hypoxic respiratory failure one year after his diagnosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1820-1828
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• 2010

Cobalt(II) chloride, a chemical compound with the formula$CoCl_2$, has been widely used in the treatment of anemia, as a chemical agent for the induction of hypoxia in cell cultures, and is known to activate hypoxic signaling. However, excessive exposure to cobalt is associated with several clinical conditions, including asthma, pneumonia, and hematological abnormalities, and can lead to tissue and cellular toxicity. It is also known to induce apoptosis. One of the questions was that of whether $CoCl_2$ might induce apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in neurons. To address this question, first, the level of DNA fragmentation was measured for assay of apoptotic rates using $CoCl_2$ with neuron PC12 cells. After confirmation of apoptosis inductions, under the same conditions, the expression levels of ER stress associated factors [ER chaperones Bip, calnexin, ERp72, ERp29, PDI, and ER membrane kinases (IRE1, ATF6, PERK)] were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. These results indicated that apoptosis is induced through activation of ER membrane kinases via ER stress. In conclusion, during induction of apoptosis through $CoCl_2$-induced hypoxia in neuron PC12 cells, ER membrane kinase of IRE1 was dominantly up-expressed, and, consecutively, TRAF2, which has been suggested to be one of the links connecting apoptosis and ER stress, was strongly up-expressed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.1048-1052
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• 2009

Plastic bronchitis is a rare disease characterized by the recurrent formation of branching mucoid bronchial casts that are large and more cohesive than those that occur in ordinary mucus plugging. Casts may vary in size and can be spontaneously expectorated, but some require bronchoscopy for removal. Plastic bronchitis can therefore present as an acute life-threatening emergency if obstruction of the major airways occurs. Three of 22 reported patients with eosinophilic casts were fatal, with death due to central airway obstruction. Here, we report a child with no history of atopy, allergy, or congenital heart disease who was diagnosed with plastic bronchitis with eosinophilic casts. Although he was administered intravenous (iv) antibiotics; iv corticosteroids; and a vigorous pulmonary toilet regimen, including chest physiotherapy and routine bronchoscopic removal of casts, he had brain death secondary to hypoxic brain damage. Plastic bronchitis can be fatal when casts obstruct the major airways, as in the present case. Clinicians should intervene early if a patient exhibits signs and symptoms consistent with plastic bronchitis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 1999

Respiratory failure is the most serious manifestation and usual cause of death in acute organophosphate poisoning, and is common in acute cholinergic crisis. But the respiratory failure may appear suddenly in a patient who is recovering from the cholinergic crisis, even while receiving conventional therapy. These are case report of 37 years old male and 24 years old female with intermediate syndrome in organophosphate poisoning. The two patients ingested organophosphate(fenthion and mixture of DDVP with chlorpyrifos respectively) incidentally and in a sucide attempt respectively. After apparent recovery from the cholinergic crisis with a conventional therapy but before the expected onset of delayed polyneuropathy, the respiratory failure appeared suddenly with a muscular weakness, affecting predominantly the proximal limb muscles, neck flexors, territories of several motor cranial nerves. The two patients needed mechanical ventilatory support and recovery from the intermediate syndrome was complete in both patients, although one subsequently developed hypoxic encephalopathy. The clinical manifestation and electrophysiologic study support the clinical diagnosis of intermediate syndrome. The syndrome carries a risk of death. because of respiratory paralysis, if not recognized early and treated adequatedly. Prompt endotrachial intubation and mechanical ventilatory support is the cornerstone of treatment of the intermediate syndrome. Therefore, all patient should be observed in a hospital for up to 5 days after poisoning.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2004

The effects of different concentrations (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9%) of fish feed additives (Hanbangchun and Olyukchun) utilizing effective microorganisms and herb medicine on activity of liver function were examined in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Moreover, we investigated the characteristics of the additives. Total number of microorganisms (Lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Photosynthetic bacteria and Azotobactor) in the additives was 5.6${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g in the Hanbangchun and 3.0${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g in the Olyukchun. Levels of three typical pathological microorgamisms (Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus sp.) in moist pellets (MP) were significantly decreased by the additives in a concentration-dependent way. Hepatosomatic index of fish in the 0.3% group was significantly increased. Total serum protein was increased in all the groups containing additives, but the protein content in liver was higher in the control group. Higher activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase which are involved in physiological defense mechanisms were found in the dietary groups containing 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively. These results suggest that the additives, Hanbangchun and Olyukchun, can increase tolerance of olive flounder against stress and hypoxic conditions by increasing activities of body antioxidant enzymes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5873-5878
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• 2014

Hypoxia and autophagy are known to facilitate tumor progression. We here aimed to investigate the role of hypoxia-associated autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) survival and metastasis. Immunostaining of hypoxic-responsive proteins (HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and BNIP3) and a key regulator of autophagy (PI3KC3) were examined in CCA tissues and their expression levels were compared with clinicopathological parameters. A hypoxia mimicking condition ($CoCl_2$ treatment) was also tested regarding CCA cell functions. Our results showed that HIF-$1{\alpha}$ (66%), BNIP3 (44%) and PI3KC3 (46%) showed strong staining in human CCA tissues. Positive expression of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ (p=0.033), BNIP3 (p=0.040) and PI3KC3 (p=0.037) was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. HIF-$1{\alpha}$ was well associated with BNIP3 (r=0.3, p<0.01) and PI3KC3 (r=0.2, p<0.01). The survival rates of patients who were positive with HIF-$1{\alpha}$ (p=0.047) or co-expressed HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and BNIP3 (p=0.032) or HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and PI3KC3 (p=0.043) were significantly greater than in the negative groups. CCA cells treated with $CoCl_2$ showed an increase in HIF-$1{\alpha}$, BNIP3, PI3KC3 and LC3-II, with increased cell migration and pFAK levels. These data suggest that hypoxia associated autophagy enhances CCA metastasis, resulting in a poor prognosis of CCA.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.123-136
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• 2004

Objectives : The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of Woohwangcheongsim-won (WC) on the in vitro neuronal development and alteration in gene expression in a hypoxia model using cultured rat cortical cells. Methods : E/sub 18/ rat cortical cells were grown in a neurobasal medium containing B27 supplement and various concentration of WC. Initial development of growth cone was investigated by phase-contrast microscopy, while dendritic spine formation and synaptogenesis were investigated by immunocytochemistry with SynGAPα(a postsynaptic marker) and synaptophysin (presynaptic marker) antibodies. Alteration in gene expression was analyses by microarray using rat 5K-TwinChips. Results : WC suppressed the development of growth cones and WC increased the number of dendritic spines at 20 and 50㎍/mL concentration but there was no statistical significance. Instead, it significantly decreased the number at 100㎍/mL. The expression of anti-apoptosis gene Bcl2-like 1 (Bcl211) increased (Global M=0.46), while Akt1 decreased. Proapoptosis genes Bad and PDCD2 increased. The expression of hemoglobin alpha 1 (probably neuroglobin) increased (Global M=0.93). The expression of antioxidants such as catalase, heme oxygenase (HO), and PRKAG2 gene increased. The expression PKC gene increased. The expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) increased significantly (Global M=1.0). Conclusions : These data suggest that WC trends to suppress cellular activity slightly in normoxia and increases the expression of apoptosis-, antioxidation-, oxygen capture-related genes in hypoxia, but increases Bcl111 that anti-apoptosis gene, on the other hand increases Bad, PDCD2 that pro-apoptosis genes, too..

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2011

To improve sediment quality in eutrophic coastal areas using benthic microalgae, we examined the effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of benthic microalgae Achnanthes sp., Amphora sp., Navicula sp. and Nitzschia sp. isolated from Sujeong Bay, Korea, using batch cultures. The maximum growth rates were obtained under the combined temperature and salinity conditions of $25^{\circ}C$ and 25 psu for Achnanthes sp. (0.60 /day), $15^{\circ}C$ and 25 psu for Amphora sp. (0.56 /day), $20^{\circ}C$ and 30 psu for Navicula sp. (0.53 /day), $20^{\circ}C$ and 25 psu for Nitzschia sp. (0.48 /day). Considering these results of temperature and salinity conditions required for optimum growth (${\geq}$ 70% of maximum specific growth rate), Amphora sp. Navicula sp. and Nitzschia sp. were characterized as eurythermal and euryhaline species, while Achnanthes sp., which exhibited extremely low survival at low temperature. In conclusion, Amphora sp., Navicula sp. and Nitzschia sp. may be useful species for phytoremediation, to control eutrophication and hypoxic water and thus improve environmental conditions of polluted coastal areas.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 1999

Interactions among dexamethasone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and antimycin A on the glutamate uptake and the polyamine uptake were investigated in primary cultures of rat cerebral cortical astrocytes to examine the effects of dexamethasone and DHEA on the regulatory role of astrocytes in conditions of increased extracellular concentrations of glutamate or polyamines. 1. $[^3H]Glutamate$ uptake: LPS and antimycin A decreased $V_{max},$ but both drugs had little effect on $K_m.$ Dexamethasone also decreased basal $V_{max}$ without any significant effect on $K_m.$ And dexamethasone further decreased the antimycin A-induced decrease of $V_{max}.$ DHEA did not affect the kinetics of basal glutamate uptake and the change by LPS or antimycin A. 2. $[^{14}C]Putrescine$ uptake: LPS increased $V_{max},$ and antimycin A decreased $V_{max}.$ They showed little effect on $K_m.$ Dexamethasone decreased $V_{max}$ of basal uptake and further decreased the antimycin A-induced decrease of $V_{max},$ and also decreased $V_{max}$ to less than control in LPS-treated astrocytes. DHEA did not affect $K_m$ and the change of $V_{max}$ by LPS or antimycin A. 3. $[^{14}C]Spermine$ uptake: Antimycin A decreased $V_{max},$ and LPS might increase $V_{max}.\;K_m$ was little affected by the drugs. Dexamethasone decreased basal $V_{max}$ and might further decrease the antimycin A-induced decrease of $V_{max}.$ And dexamethasone also decreased $V_{max}$ to less than control in LPS-treated astrocytes. DHEA might increase basal $V_{max}$ and $V_{max}$ of LPS-treated astrocytes. 4. $V_{max}$ of glutamate uptake by astrocytes was increased by putrescine (1000 ${\mu}M$ & 2000 ${\mu}M$) and spermidine (200 ${\mu}M,$ 500 ${\mu}M$ & 2000 ${\mu}M$). Spermine, 200 ${\mu}M$ (and 100 ${\mu}M$), also increased $V_{max},$ but a higher dose of 2000 ${\mu}M$ decreased $V_{max}.\;K_m$ of glutamate uptake was not significantly changed by these polyamines, except that higher doses of spermine showed tendency to decrease $K_m$ of glutamate uptake. In astrocytes, dexamethasone inhibited the glutamate uptake and the polyamine uptake in normal or hypoxic conditions, and the polyamine uptake might be stimulated by LPS and DHEA. Polyamines could aid astrocytes to uptake glutamate.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.263-302
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• 2014

The court handed down meaningful rulings related to medical sectors in 2013. This paper presents the ruling that the care workers could be the performance assistants of the care-giving service although the duties of care worker are not included in the liability stipulated in the medical contract signed with the hospital for reason of clear distinction of duties between care workers and nurses within the hospital in connection with the contract which was entered into between the hospital and patients. In relation to negligence and causal relationship, the court recognized medical negligence associated with the failure to detect the brain tumor due to the negligent interpretation of MRI findings while rejecting the causal relationship with consequential cerebral hemorrhage. The court also recognized negligence based on the observation on the grounds of inadequate medical records in a case involving the hypoxic brain damage caused during the cosmetic surgery. In terms of the scope of compensation for damages, this paper presents the ruling that the compensation should be estimated based on causal relationship only in case the breach of the 'obligation of explanation' is recognized, however rejecting the reparation for de factor property damages in the form of compensation, and the ruling that the lawsuit could be instituted in case that the damages exceeded the agreed scope despite the agreement that the hospital would not be held responsible for any aftereffects of surgery from the standpoint of lawsuit, along with the ruling that recognized the daily net income by reflecting the unique circumstances faced by individual students of Korean National Police University and artists of Western painting. Many rulings were handed down with respect to medical certificate, prescription, etc., in 2013. This paper introduced the ruling which mentioned the scope of medical certificate, the ruling that related to whether the diagnosis over the phone at the issuance of prescription could constitute the direct diagnosis of patient, along with the ruling that required the medical certificate to be generated in the name of doctor who diagnosed the patients, and the ruling which proclaimed that it would constitute the breach of Medical Act if the prescription was issued to the patients who were not diagnosed. Moreover, this paper also introduced the ruling that related to whether the National Health Insurance Service could make claim to the hospitals for the reimbursement of the health insurance money paid to pharmacies based on the prescription in the event that the hospitals provided prescription of drugs to outpatients in violation of the laws and regulations.