• Title/Summary/Keyword: Hypoxanthine

Search Result 269, Processing Time 0.029 seconds

Effects of Melatonin on the Meiotic Maturation of Mouse Oocytes in vitro (생쥐 난자의 체외 성숙에 미치는 Melatonin의 영향)

  • Ahn, Hee-Jin;Bae, In-Ha
    • Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
    • /
    • v.31 no.3
    • /
    • pp.155-168
    • /
    • 2004
  • Objective: Melatonin, which is secreted by pineal gland play an important role in the regulation of ovarian function via seasonal rhythm and sleep in most mammals. It also has a role in the protection of cells by removing toxic oxygen free radicals brought about by metabolism. In the present study, effects of melatonin on the mouse oocyte maturation were examined using two different culture conditions provided with 5% or 21% oxygen concentration. Material and Method: Immature mouse oocytes were obtained from the ovarian follicles of $3{\sim}4$ weeks old ICR strain mice intraperitoneally injected with 5 I.U. PMSG 44 hour before. Under stereomicroscope, morphologically healthy oocytes with distinct germinal vesicle (GV) were liberated from the graafian follicles and collected using mouth-controlled micropipette. They were then cultured for 17 hour at $37^{circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ and 21% $O_2$ (95% air) or 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$ and 90% $N_2$. New modified Hank's balanced salt solution (New MHBS) was used as a culture medium throughout the experiments. Effects of melatonin were examined at a concentration of $0.0001{\mu}M$, $0.01{\mu}M$ or $1.0{\mu}M$. For the prevention of spontaneous maturation of immature oocytes during culture, dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) and/or hypoxanthine were included in the medium. Results: Under 21% oxygen condition, oocytes cultured in the presence of $0.01{\mu}M$ melatonin showed a significantly higher maturation rates, in terms of germinal vesicle breakdown (95.0% vs 89.0%) and polar body formation (88.1% vs 75.4%), compared to those cultured with $0.0001{\mu}M$ or $1.0{\mu}M$ melatonin. However, no difference was observed in oocytes cultured under 5% oxygen whether they were treated with melatonin or not. In the presence of $0.01{\mu}M$ melatonin, oocytes either cultured under 21% or 5% oxygen exhibited no difference in the polar body formation (85.6% vs 86.7%). However, in the absence of melatonin, oocytes cultured under 21% oxygen exhibited lower polar body formation (74.7%). When oocytes were cultured in the presence of dbcAMP alone or with varying concentrations of melatonin, those treated with both compounds always showed better maturation, i.e., germinal vesicle breakdown and polar body formation, compared to those cultured with dbcAMP alone. At the same concentration of melatonin, however, oocytes exposed to 21% oxygen showed poor maturation than those to 5% oxygen. Similar results were obtained from the experiments using hypoxanthine instead of dbcAMP. Conclusion: Based upon these results, it is suggested that melatonin could enhance the meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes under 21% oxygen concentration, and release oocytes from the meiotic arrest by dbcAMP or hypoxanthine regardless of the concentration of oxygen, probably via the removal of oxygen free radicals.

Effects of MethyIxanthine Derivatives on Induction and Enhancement of Hamster Epididymal Sperm Motility (Hamster 정소상체 정자의 운동성 유도와 증가에 영향을 미치는 Methylxanthine Derivatives 의 효과)

  • Park, Y.S.;Song, S.J.;Lee, H.J.;Lee, S.J.;Kim, N.H.;Lee, H.T.;Chung, K.S.
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
    • /
    • v.23 no.1
    • /
    • pp.29-36
    • /
    • 1999
  • This study were performed the effect of methylxanthine derivatives on hamster epididymal sperm motility. To assess the effect of methylxanthine derivatives on motility kinematics of epididymal sperm, pentoxifylline, 2-deoxy-adenosine and hypoxanthine were added to TALP medium. 1 mM of pentoxifylline, significantly increased VCL, VAP, VSL of spermatozoa obtained from corpus and cauda epididymis. With 1 mM of 2-deoxyadenosine, VCL, VAP, VSL of spermatozoa obtained from corpus and cauda epididymis were significantly increased, but 2 mM ADE for cauda spermatozoa was effective than 1 mM. In the case of hypoxanthine, various concentrations were not significantly effective, but 2 mM HX showed higher effect than other concentrations. pentoxifylline 1 mM and 2-deoxyadenosine 1 mM significantly increased VCL, VAP of corpus and cauda epididymal spermatozoa and VSL of cauda epididymal spermatozoa. From these results it could be concluded that the addition of methylxanthine increase motility kinematics of hamster spermatozoa collected from epididymis.

  • PDF

Effect of Garlic on Quality of Low Salted Anchovy - 2. Changes of Nitrogenous Compounds - (마늘 첨가가 저염 멸치젓의 품질에 미치는 영향 - 제2보 함질소화합물의 변화 -)

  • 진양호;권오천;성낙주;신정혜;강민정
    • Culinary science and hospitality research
    • /
    • v.8 no.3
    • /
    • pp.279-294
    • /
    • 2002
  • The anchovy, Engraulis japonica, were prepared with two different salt concentration of 20%, 10% which was added 2, 5, 5 and 10 % of grind garlic(LSA 1, 2, 3, 4) and garlic juice(LSB 1, 2, 3, 4), respectively. The experimental samples were taken at 30, 60, 90 and 110 days fermentation, which were analyzed VBN(volatile basic nitrogen), amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds and amino acids. VBN increased rapidly until 110 days fermentation, its contents in samples containing of 10% salt(CB) were increased about 2.4 times as compared with those of 30 days fermentation. And then its contents of 110 days fermented samples increased at average 2.3 times more than 30 days fermented samples containing grind garlic of 2, 5, 8% and garlic juice of 2%. Nucleotide and their related compounds were detected AMP, UMP, IMP, inosine and hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine was dominants in all samples and increased steadily during fermentation of anchovy. The contents of composition amino acids decreased gradually during it's fermentation, but those content decreased 33% in CO group, 42% in the CB group and 38%(average) in the other garlic added low salt groups.

  • PDF

The Effect of Hepatic Ischemia and Reperfusion on Energy Metabolism in Rats

  • Jeong Cheol;Cho, Tai-Soon;Lee, Sun-Mee
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
    • /
    • 1997.04a
    • /
    • pp.97-97
    • /
    • 1997
  • It was reported that ATP depletion occurs and accelerates cell damage during ischemia and reperfusion. To determine the mechanism of cell damage, the change of energy metabolism in liver was studied during ischemia/reperfusion. The groups were divided into four categories : sham-operated group, ischemia/reperfusion group, and two types of ATP-MgCl$_2$ treatment groups(one was treated during ischemia and the another during reperfusion). Rats were administered intravenously saline or ATP-MgCl$_2$. Rats were anesthetized and blood vessels in the left and median lobes of the liver were occluded. After 60min of ischemia, the clamp at those vessels were removed. After ischemia, one and five hours after reflow, energy metabolites(ATP, ADP, AMP, inosine, adenosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine) in liver were measured with HPLC. To observe mitochondrial function, aterial keton body ratio in blood and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase activity in liver were measured. And lipid peroxidation was measured to evalutate the involvement of free radicals. In this study, ATP and ADP were catabolized to their metabolites(AMP, inosine, adenosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine) during ischemia and they resynthesized ATP and ADP during reperfusion. But total purine base were not restored to level of normal rat. The main source of resynthesizing ATP and ADP was AMP. In both ATP-MgCl$_2$ treated groups, mitochondrial function was protected and lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced. Our findings suggest that ischemia/reperfusion impairs hepatic energy metabolism.

  • PDF

Effects of Scorpio water extract on Cultured Spinal Sensory Neurons Damaged by Xanthine Oxidase/Hypoxanthine (전갈 전탕액이 XO/HX에 의해 손상된 배양 척수감각신경세포에 미치는 효과)

  • Yang Heung Su;Kwon Kang Beom;Song Yong Sun;Ryu Do Gon
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
    • /
    • v.16 no.3
    • /
    • pp.553-556
    • /
    • 2002
  • To study the effects of Scorpio on oxygen free radical-mediated damage by xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine (XO/HX) on cultured spinal sensory neurons, in vitro assays such as MTT assay were used in cultured spinal sensory neurons derived from mice. Spinal sensory neurons were cultured in media containing various concentrations of XO/HX for 6 hours, after which the neurotoxic effect of XO/HX was measured by in vitro assay. The protective effect of the herb extract, Scorpio water extract against XO/HX-induced neurotoxicity was also examined. The results are as follows : In MTT assay, XO/HX significantly decreased the cell viability of cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons according to exposure concentration and time in these cultures. The effect of Scorpio water extract on XO/HX-induced neurotoxicity showed a quantitative increase in neurdfilament. These results suggest that XO/HX has a neurotoxic effect on cultured spinal sensory neurons from mice and that the herb extract, Scorpio water extract, was very effective in protecting XO/HX-induced neurotoxicity.

Effects of Sophorae Radix Extract in Pulmonary Vascular Endothelial Cells Damaged by XO/HX (고삼 추출물이 XO/HX에 의해 손상된 혈관내피세포에 미치는 영향(I))

  • Kwon Kang Beom;Lee Ho Seung;Kim In Su;Kim In Gyu;Ryu Do Gon
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
    • /
    • v.17 no.2
    • /
    • pp.549-552
    • /
    • 2003
  • To investigate the protective effect of Sophorae Radix (SR) on the damage by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine (HX)-induced oxygen tree radical, Neutral Red (NR) and c-fos immunopositive cell assay were used. The results were obtained as follows ; The viability of vascular endothelial cells treated with XO/HX was decreased. And c-fos immunopositive cells represented a maximal increase in group treated with XO/HX for 2 hour in pulmonary vasvular endothelial cells. But pretreated groups with SR extracts were not inhibited the increase of c-fos immunopositive cells by XO/HX in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that XO/HX elicits toxic effects in cultured pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, and suggest that SR extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced increase of c-fos immunopositive cells.

Effects of Bulbus Allii Macrostemi Extract on PKC activity in Pulmonary Vascular Endothelial Cells Damaged by XO/HX (산소자유기에 의해 손상된 혈관내피세포의 PKC 활성도에 미치는 해백 추출물의 효과(I))

  • Kwon Kang Beom;Lee Ho Seung;Kang Gil Seong;Kim In Seob;Ryu Do Gon
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
    • /
    • v.17 no.2
    • /
    • pp.443-446
    • /
    • 2003
  • To investigate the protective effect of Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (BAM) on the damage by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine (HX)-induced oxygen free radical, Neutral Red (NR) and protein kinase c (PKC) activity assay were used. The results were obtained as follows ; The viability of vascular endothelial cells treated with XO/HX was decreased. And activation of PKC represented a maximal increase in group treated with XO/HX for 15 mins in vasvular pulmonary endothelial cells. But pretreated groups with BAM extracts were not inhibited the increase of PKC activation by XO/HX in a dose-dependent fashion. These results show that XO/HX elicits toxic effects in cultured pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, and suggest that BAM extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced PKC activation.

Effect of EGF against Oxygen Radical-Induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Spinal Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons of Mouse (산소자유기에 의해 저해된 배양 척수감각 신경절 세포에 대한 상피세포성장인자의 영향)

  • Park, Seung-Taeck;Kim, Hyung-Ryong;Chae, Han-Jung
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
    • /
    • v.41 no.1
    • /
    • pp.99-104
    • /
    • 1997
  • In order to elucidate the cytotoxic effect of oxygen radicals on cultured spinal dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons derived from mouse. the neurotoxic effect of oxygen radicals w as examined after cultured DRG neurons were exposed to xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX)-oxygen radical generating system. In addition. neuroprotective effect of epidermal growth factor(EGF) against oxidant-induced neurotoxicity was also evaluated in these cultures. The results were, as follows: 1. Lethal concentration 50(LC$_{50}$) was 35mU/ml XO and 0.1mM HX in cultured DRG neurons. 2. Oxygen radicals induced the morphological changes such as the decrease of cell number and loss of neurites in these cultures. 3. EGF increased the cell viability and neurofilament in neurons damaged by oxygen radicals. From above the results, it is suggested that oxygen radicals have a cytotoxic effect on cultured DRG neurons of neonatal mouse and selective neurotrophic factors such as EGF are, effective, in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by oxygen radicals in cultured spinal DRG neurons.

  • PDF

Optimization of process condition of boiled Korean native chicken by response surface methodology (반응표면분석법을 이용한 백숙용 토종닭 실용계의 가공조건 최적화)

  • Kim, Hyun-Joo;Yun, Hye-Jeong;Lee, Jun-Heon;Heo, Kang-Nyeong;Kang, Bo-Seok;Jo, Cheor-Un
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
    • /
    • v.39 no.2
    • /
    • pp.195-202
    • /
    • 2012
  • This study was examined the optimization of processing conditions for taste-assurance factors of boiled Korean native chicken (KNC) through response surface methodology. The effects of two independent variables, including heating time ($X_1$) and water volume ($X_2$), were investigated using central composite design. Hypoxanthine content, lipid oxidation, texture, and sensory results were chosen as dependent variable. Results showed high reliability on hypoxanthine and texture property in leg meat (not breast meat) of boiled KNC. Statistical modeling revealed that 3.5 folds of added water (v/w) based on chicken weight and 73.5 min of cooking time was the optimum for producing characteristic taste and textural properties from the leg meat of KNC.