• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.324-332
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• 1988

Effects of a change in dietary Ca content and an alteration in dietary lipid type on lipid metabolism have been investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1) There was no comparable changes in food consumption and body weight gain among all 9 groups. 2) Serum total lipids and cholesterol were lowest when high Ca-corn all diet was fed, and highest when low Ca-butter diet was fed. 3) The contents of total lipids and cholesterol per g liver and total liver showed no consistent tendency with the dietary treatment. 4) Addition of Ca to the diet caused the significant increase in the dry fecal matter and fecal Ca. And fecal total lipids and fecal cholesterol were much greater if the high-Ca diet was fed than if control and low-Ca diet were fed. It is concluded that Ca and polyunsaturated acids have tendency of hypocholesterolemic effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1994

This study was carried out to examine how dietary protein and calcium levels in rats fed fat-enriched diet affect the total lipid and cholesterol contents of blood and tissues. Male Sprauge-Dawley rats weighing approximately 200g were fed six purified diets which contained 18%(w/w) beef tallow, 1% (w/w) cholesterol, two source of protein, casein or isolated soy protein (ISP) and three levels of dietary calcium, 0.1%, 0.4% and 1.0%, first, for four weeks, and second, for eight weeks. The contents of the total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver, heart and feces were determined. After four weeks feeding serum lipid and cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased in rats fed 1.0% (w/w) level calcium, regardless of dietrary protein sources. After eight weeks, these concentrations were significantly lower in the rats fed soy protein than in casein-fed rats. As dietary calcium level increased serum and tissue lipid and cholesterol contents were decreased and fecal lipid excretion increased. It is concluded that hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein and calcium were partly due to decrease in lipid absorption.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.416-417
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• 2000

Chitin, a poly $\beta$-(1longrightarrow14)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, is best known as a cell wall component of fungi and as a skeletal materials of invertebrates. Chitosan is derived from chitin by deacetylation in the presence of alkali. Chitosan has been developed as new physiological materials since it possesses antibacterial activity, hypocholesterolemic activity and antihypertensive action. However, the actions of chitosan in vivo still remain ambiguous as the physiological functional properties because most animal intestines, especially the human gastrointestinal tract, do not possess enzyme such as chitosanase which directly degrade the $\beta$-glucosidic linkage in chitosan, and consequently the unbroken polymers may be poorly absorbed into the human intestine. Therefore, recent studies as chitosan have attracted interest for chitosan oligosaccharides, because the oligosaccharides process not only water-soluble property but also versatile functional properties such as antitumor activity, immune-enhancing effects, enhancement of protective effects against infection with some pathogens in mice and antimicrobial activity (Kingsnorth et al., 1983, Mori et al., 1997). (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.978-983
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• 1995

The effect of sulfur-containing amino acids on lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed casein as a protein source. Plasma cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and atherosclerotic index decreased in the cysteine group compared to the methionine group. Plasma triglyceride and phospholipid level were not affected by the supplementation of the sulfur-containing amino acids. The levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in liver decreased by both methionine and cysteine. Cysteine increased the fecal excretion of coprostanol, total neutral steroid and bile acid. The results suggest that plasma cholesterol level is affected by dietary ratio of cysteine/methionine and that the hypocholesterolemic effects of cysteine is, at least in part, through reducing cholesterol absorption from small intestine and through enhancing fecal excretion of bile acids.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological mechanism of orally administered ethanolic extract of fly maggot(EM) on hypocholesterolemic rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups (EM dose control=0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 mg/100 g BW) and were treated for 6 weeks. EM groups revealed a significant reduction in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C when compared with the control group(p<0.05). HMG-CoA reductase activity in EM groups were lower than those of the control group, but total sterol, neutral sterol, and bile acid excretion were increased in EM groups when compared with the control group(p<0.05). To identify the biological mechanism of EM towards the hypocholesterolemic effect, sterol response element binding proteins (SREBPs) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ transcription system were determined in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. It was discovered that EM suppress the expression of SREBP-$1{\alpha}$ and SREBP-2 mRNA in the liver tissues of high-cholesterol diet fed rats, while simultaneously increasing the expression of $PPAR{\alpha}$ mRNA(p<0.05). This finding indicates that EM may have hypocholesterolemic effects in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, by regulating cholesterol metabolism-related biochemical parameters and SREBP-$1{\alpha}$ SREPB-2 and $PPAR{\alpha}$gene expression.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.632-637
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of red pericarp glutinous rice rich in polyphenols (Jakwangchalbyeo, red rice) on serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and hepatic protein expression linked to synthesis and degradation of cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic mice diet as compared with brown rice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 each), which were fed different diets for a period of 12 weeks: American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet, AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol, brown rice with 2% cholesterol, or red rice with 2% cholesterol. RESULT: Consumption of red rice resulted in a significant decrease in serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hepatic levels of triglyceride and total-cholesterol. Expression of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was decreased, while expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK ratio, cholesterol 7-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7a1), and sterol 12-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP8b1) was increased in mice fed red rice. Brown rice had similar effects on cholesterol metabolism, but the effect of red rice was significantly greater than that of brown rice. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggested that red rice had a hypocholesterolemic effect by lowering hepatic cholesterol synthesis through ACAT-2, HMG-CoA reductase, and SREBP-2, and by enhancing hepatic cholesterol degradation through CYP7a1 and CYP8b1 in mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.32.1-32.7
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• 2016

Background: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of persimmon peel (PPM) supplementation on carcass performance, pork quality, eating quality, fatty acid composition, and cholesterol concentration of the porcine longissimus dorsi muscle. Results: No adverse effects of PPM supplementation were observed on carcass and meat quality characteristics among the treatment groups (P > 0.05), whereas pork loins from pigs fed a diet supplemented with 0.9 % persimmon peel (T3) showed more tender meat than did pork loins from pigs fed a control diet (P < 0.01), even though no significant difference was observed between the control and T1 group. The T3 group had higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to saturated fatty acids (0.33 vs. 0.28, P < 0.05) and lower total cholesterol concentration (94.4 vs. 99.1 mg/g, P < 0.05) compared to the control group. Persimmon peel appeared to have beneficial effects on fatty acid composition and cholesterol concentration, probably leading to a hypocholesterolemic effect. Conclusions: Animal diets fortified with persimmon peel represents an efficient and useful method for improving the nutritional quality of pork without impairing growth performance and eating quality properties.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.854-862
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• 2002

In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic green tea consumption on the serum lipid profiles of 92 subjects (mean age: 59.5 $\pm$ 8.9, men: 41, women:51) living in a green tea cultivation village. The anthropometric and biochemical blood indices were measured, and nutritional intakes were assessed using 24-h recall method. Also, we administered a questionnaire regarding green tea consumption. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the period of green tea consumption (0, < 10 year, and $\geq$ 10 year). There were no significant differences in age, anthropometric indices (Wt, Ht, BMI, Body fat, LBM), and nutritional intakes among the groups. Serum LDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in the $\geq$ 10 year group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Also, the LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio was significantly lower in the $\geq$ 10 year group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). The frequency of subjects with a normal range of serum LDL-cholesterol concentration (< 200 mg/dl) was significantly higher in the $\geq$ 10 year group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). These results imply positive effects of chronic green tea consumption on blood lipid profiles, which requires confirmation in further studies.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.53-64
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• 2003

Dietary antibiotics at low, subtherapeutic levels have been shown to improve growth performance in farm animals. However, there is a trend to look for alternatives to dietary antibiotics, due to occurrence of antibiotic-resistance bacteria. The present review explored the essential oils as the possible alternative to dietary antibiotics. The antimicrobial activities of essential oils originating from plants have been well documented while their toxicological effects are seen only at very high doses. Hypocholesterolemic effect has been reported in chickens. Essential oils may stimulate the digestion process. In conclusion, dietary essential oils may be used as alternatives to antibiotics, but whether their effects on growth performance are a consequence of antimicrobial activity needs to be studied further.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 2000

This study was carried out to explore the hypocholesterolemic effect of dehyulled defatty soy flour and its possible mechanisms including endocrine status, cholesterol biosynthesis, and fecal excretion in rats. Animals fed casein were used as control and each phospholipid compared with casein feeding. Cholesterol concentrations in all lipoprotein fraction were significantly lower in defatted soy flour group compared with casein-fed control. Defatted soy flour feeding also significantly lowered hepatic total lipid, cholesteol and TG, and increaed fecal bile acid excretion by 270% compared with casein feeding. Defattd soy flour feeding had no significant effect on plasma thyroid hormone levels and hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutary coenzyme A(HMG-CoA) reductase activity. However, plasma T4 concentration was slightly elevated and HMG-CoA reductase activity was suppressed in defatted soy flour group. These metabolic alterations partially explain the reduced plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels of rats fed defatted soy flour.