• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 1999

Essential hypertension is a typical chronic disease requiring adequate and continuous management. And many studies supported that self-care was the essential factor to promote the wellbeing. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the behavior patterns of self-care in hypertensives. As a research method, 35 Q-statements were collected through Individual interviews and review of the related literatures. 21 subjects were interviewed and the data were analyzed by the PC QUANL program with principal component analysis. There were 6 different self-care types classified as follows 1) Type 1 was the self-oriented control type, monitoring the blood pressure and taking the low salt diet. But they didn't take the anti -hypertensive drug and visit the health agency regularly. 2) Type 2 was the stress-control type. Their main activities were meditation to relieve the stress and communication with family. 3) Type 3 was called daily-life control type. This type tried to make their mind comfort and think positively. They also preferred walking and exercise regularly. 4) Type 4 was the medical-oriented control type, taking the anti-hypertensive drug, visiting the medical personnel and following the medical regimens. 5) Type 5 was the medication-oriented type. They only took the anti -hypertensive drug regularly and didn't any other self-care like as monitoring the blood pressure, taking the low salt diet and exercise. 6) Type 6 was called non-medication control type. This type had no medication, but tried to visit the health agency and health personnel. From the above results, it can be concluded that the self-care types were very various and self-care education have to provide individually according to the characteristics of self-care type. Another repeated study can be recommended to improve the nursing intervention the self-care behavior in chronic patient like as diabetics or rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 1990

Surgical correction of congenital cardiac defects in infants and children with an elevated pulmonary arterial pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance carries a significant early postoperative mortality. And accurate assessments of cardiac output is critically important in these patients. From April 1988 through September 1989, serial measurements of cardiac index, ratio of pulmonary-systemic systolic pressure, ratio of pulmonary-systemic resistance, central venous pressure, left atrial pressure, and urine output during the first 48 hours after the cardiac operation were made in 30 congenital cardiac defects associated with pulmonary hypertension. Cardiac index showed significant increase only after 24 hour postoperatively and this low cardiac performance in the early postoperative period should be considered when postoperative management is being planned in the risky patients. There were no variables which showed any significant correlation with cardiac index. In 12 cases[40%], pulmonary hypertensive crisis developed during the 48 hours postoperatively, and they were treated with full sedation, hyperventilation with 100 % 0y and pulmonary vasodilator infusion. In all patient with preoperative pulmonary hypertension, surgical placement of a pulmonary artery catheter is desirable to allow prompt diagnosis of pulmonary hypertensive crisis and to monitor subsequent therapy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.474-482
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• 2012

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to identify knowledge, health belief and compliance in patients with hypertension and to identify the most important predictors for compliance of hypertensive patient. Method: The participants in this study were 117 patients who were receiving treatment for hypertension at E. university hospital or one of three local clinics in D-city. Data were collected using a knowledge measurement instrument, health belief scale, and an instrument on compliance. Collected data were analyzed using $X^2$ test, ANOVA, multiple linear regression with PASW statistics 18.0 program. Results: There were statistically significantly positive correlations between knowledge of hypertension and health belief, health belief and compliance. But there was no correlation between knowledge of hypertension and compliance. In the multiple regression analysis, perceived barriers, perceived severity, perceived benefits were significant predictors to explain compliance and accounted for 54.1% of the variance in compliance. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that health belief and compliance are significantly strongly correlated. Thus it is suggested that nursing interventions to improve compliance should include nursing care plans to increase health belief, perceived severity, perceived benefit and to decrease perceived barrier.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.38-66
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• 1986

Based on the statistical data of FKMIS during five years from 1981 to 1985, the major findings of studying on the treatments of employee's modical insurance covered people were made as follows. 1. During five years, the total number of trratment case was increased 25.14% annually, and so doubled. The consultation rate was increased from 2.086 to 2.856, showng annual increase of 8.17% and total increase of 36.91%. In the cafe, of in-patient, the rate was from 0.056 to 0.602, . showing annual increase of 2.58%. And in out-patient, the rate was from, 2.030 to 2.794, showing annual increase of 8.31%. The male: female ratio of treatment case was changed from 1 : 1.1 to 1 : 1.2. 2. Case of chronic disease was on the increase .every year. The ratio of medical expenditure of that disease to the total medical expenditure was increased from 22.99% in 1984 to 25.0% in 1985. 3. As a whole, the consultation rate of circulatory disease was increased from 26.10 in 1981 to 46.53 in 1985, showing an nual increase of 15.55 %. The rate of in-patient was increased from 2.06 to 2.94, showing annual increase of 9.30%. The rate of out-patient wag from. 24.04 to 43.59, showing annual increase of 16.04%. 4. The duration (days) of circulatory disease in 1985 by types is as follows. In the case of in-patient, rheumatic fever rheumatic heart disease, (22. 67), ischaemic disease (17.39), cerebrovascular disease (17.18), disease of pulmonary circulation and other from of heart disease (15.82), hypertensive disease (13.18), other disease of circulatory disease(11.55). In the case of out-patient, visiting day (11.57 day) and medical expenditure per case (7,853 won) is lower than that of other diseases (4.39 day, 4,361 won). 5. Cases of circulatory chronic disease were two times as many as those of non-chronic disease. Incidence of the out-patient was shown higher than that of in-patient. In the case of duration per case, the chronic disease(12.92 days) was longer that of non-chronic disease (9.8 day). 6. The male: female ratio of chronic rheumatic heart disease is 34.56 : 65.44 (in-patient) and 34. 67 : 65.33 (out-patient). The consultation rate(case per 1,000 persons) was increased from 1.11 in 1983 to 1.30 in 1985, showing annual increase of 8.22 %. The duration, visiting day, was decreased slightly, but medication day wasincreased from 13.93 in 1983 to 16.72 in 1985, showing annual increase of 9.56%. 7. The male: female ratio of hypertensive disease (case) was 39.36 : 60.64(in-patient) and 40.67 : 59.33 (out-patient). The consultation rate was increased from 19.59 in 1983 to 25.36 in 1985, showing annual increase of 13.78%. Duration, visting day was decreased slightly, but medication day was increased from 11.82 in 1983 to 12.77 in 1985, showing annual increase of 3.94%. 8. The male： female ratio of chronic pulmonary-ischaemic heart disease (case) was 48.90 : 51.10 (in-patient) and 43.66 : 56.34 (out-patient). The consultation rate of chronic pulmonary-ischaemic heart disease was increase from 0.69 in 1983 to 1. 12 in 1985, showing annual increase of 27.40％. Duration, visiting day, was decreased from 2.67 in 1983 to 2.36 in 1985, and medication day was decreased from 0.69 in 1983 to 1.12 in 1985, showing annual decrease of 2.09%. 9. The male: female ratio of cerebrovascular disease (case) was 47.90 : 52.10 (in-patient) and 52.28 : 47.72 (out: patient). The consulatation rate was increased from 2.12 in 1983 to 2.89 in 1985, showing annual increase of 16.76%, Duration, visiting day, was decreased slightly, but medication day was increased from 12. 67 in 1983 to 13.85 in 1985, showing annual increase of 4.55%. 10. In case of artery and capillary disease, the male: female ratio of case was 61.80 : 38.20 (in-patient) and 51.77 : 48.23 (out-patient). But durntion, visiting day, was increased from 3.45 in 1983 to 3.60 in 1985, showing annual increase of 2.15 % and the medication day was increased from 10. 06 to 10.18, showing annual increase of 0.59%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1991

From 1983, until June, 1990, 10 patients with various type of truncus arteriosus underwent total surgical correction including Rastelli procedure at Seoul National University Hospital. The age at operation ranged from 1 month to 9 years [mean 2.1 years]. Six patients had truncus type I, 3 patients had truncus type II, and one patients had truncus type IIIc. Right ventricular pulmonary artery continuity was established with a porcine valved conduit in 6 patients, mechanical valved conduit in 1 patient, and bovine pericardial conduit in 3 patients. The postoperative right ventricular /left ventricular pressure ratio ranged from 0.4 to 0.71 [mean 0.51${\pm}$0.14]. The lung histology revealed grade II pulmonary obstructive disease even at 4 month of age. Five patients were dead in hospital [50%], and they were less than 2 year of age. One patient, who had severs congestive heart failure preoperatively, died of low output syndrome and the other died of low output syndrome with postoperative bleeding. There were three death, because of a pulmonary hypertensive crisis that might have been prevented. Two of the five survivors had conduit failure over a mean follow up of 42 months [range 1 to 78 months]. Obstructed conduit was removed and a new conduit constructed using the conduit bed as the posterior wall and the patch of bovine pericardium and Dacron as patch the roof of the conduit. One patient died of acute cardiac failure during the operation. Although results in infants less than 2 years old have not been good, current improvement of intra-and postoperative care suggested that prompt repair is indicated for infants with truncus arteriosus.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.155-164
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• 2002

Hypertension is the most frequent disease of chronic circulatory diseases and major intermediate cause or risk of the cerebrovascular disease which is a leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, management of hypertension is an important issue in Korean healthcare. Especially, therapeutic compliance of hypertensives is very important because the hypertensive patients should receive anti-hypertensive treatment as long as the condition exists. However, many patients drop out of treatment, which is a major problem that needs to be solved through a hypertension control program. This study was carried out to provide basic data and counter measule for the hypertension control program in the community which aimed to keep the patients receiving treatment continuously. In order to investigate compliance of hypertensive patients during three months follow-up and the rate of control of hypertension, the data were collected during February, 2001, by reviewing medical records of 295 hypertensive patients who had been registered to Gunnam-myeon health subcenter before November, 2000. The author also study the dropout reasons by interviewing 58 patients among 68 dropout patients. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 295 subjects, 108(36.6%) were male and 187(63.4%) were female. Statistically, female hypertensives had a higher mean age than male(64.6 vs 66.3, p<0.05). 2. The 54.9% of the patients took anti-hypertensive medicine continuously for the past three months. And 19.3% had drug intermittently, and 25.8% dropped out of treatment. 3. Among several variables, such as sex, age, health insurance, the time taken from a patient's village to the health subcenter, only the last one was found to be significantly related to therapeutic compliance in the contingency table analysis. 4. The dropout reasons by multiple response were as follows, 'no symptom or no problem' (23.9%), 'change to other hospitals'(19.4%), 'geographical barrier'(17.9%), 'change to a neighborhood drugstore' (14.9%), 'immobility'(7.5%), 'economic barrier'(6.0%), 'unsatisfactory services of the health subcenter'(4.4%). 5. The mean blood pressure of 295 subjects was $144.9{\pm}12.9/86.88{\pm}8.6mmHg$. 6. The 32.5% of the subjects were controlled below 140/90mmHg. Conclusions: In order to improve the low rates of treatment and control of hypertension in rural hypertensives, a more active and systematic hypertension control program, including out-reaching follow-up management, is required in rural area. Especially, for health education of hypertensive patients, emphasis should placed on correcting wrong attitude toward hypertension.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.303-307
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• 2007

This clinical experience reports the effect of wood and fire acupoints therapy on a hypertensive patient. Wood acupoint indicates Jing point in yin channel or Shu point in yang channel. Fire acupoint is Jing in yin channel or Jing in yang channel among the five acupoints of Jing, Xing, Shu, Jing and He. The patient was treated with indicated acupoints of 7 channels: lung, large intestine, spleen, pericardium, triple warmer, heart and liver, for 5 weeks. In case of necessity, another acupoints were added with wood and fire acupoints. After 5 weeks treatment, the blood pressure improved by 125/80 which is in normal level. This result suggests that wood and fire acupoints therapy is effective in the treatment of hypertension.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.998-1011
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• 2001

In order to improve self-management of elderly hypertensives in this study, the researcher examined the effect of blood pressure regulation by an abdominal relaxed breathing training which regulates physical response to stress and lessens the activity of the sympathetic nerve. Method: A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design was used. Thirty elderly hypertensive patient ; Sixteen in the abdominal breathing group and fourteen in the control group participated in this study. The abdominal relaxed breathing training consisted of eight sessions twice a week for four weeks. There was no intervention for the control group. Result: 1. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 2. There was no significant difference in the level of total stress response, physical stress response, behavioral-cognitive stress response between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. Conclusion: Findings indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies for the regulation of blood pressure for the elderly, which is easy for the elderly to learn as a nonpharmacologic approach.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.112-122
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and profile distinct subgroups of patients with hypertension based on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding their medication and health lifestyle. Method: A descriptive-exploratory research design was employed. Two hundred and twenty-three patients with hypertension using W Public Health Center were randomly recruited on the basis of being over 30 of age. Upon the receipt of their written consents, direct interview with a structured questionnaire were conducted by a public health nurse. Descriptive statistics and $X^2-test$ were utilized. Results: Three subgroups were identified. Group I members had a low score on all three factors including knowledge, attitudes and behavior related to medication and health lifestyle. Group II members had a low score on one or two of the factors. Group III members had a high score on all three factors. The three subgroups were significantly associated with education level, economic status, non-smoking and non-drinking. Conclusions: Further research should be conducted to validate these findings and test tailored nursing intervention for patient compliance.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.48-60
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the attributes of the concept, of psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication. Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with Walker and Avant's conceptual analysis process. We reviewed 47 related studies selected from 4 international and Korean databases including Medline, CINAHL, NDSL, and RISS to perform the analytical processes from January 1980 to September 2015. Results: The attributes of psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication include 1) reservation, 2) opposition, 3) denial, 4) refusal, and 5) seeking alternative therapy. The antecedents of the concept can be classified into patient factors such as reactance trait and knowledge deficit, provider factors, interpersonal factors, and environmental factors. The consequences of psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication are non-compliance, deterioration of the disease, developing complications, increased anxiety, and changes in life. Conclusions: The concept of psycho logical resistance to antihypertensive medication can provide guidance for the development of an intervention program that promotes the compliance to medication regimen of hypertensive patients. Further research needs to be done to develop a measurement tool for psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication.