• 한국가구학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2016

Increasing concerns of environment need to make change furniture field to more environmentally friendly approach, such as reuse of by-products from wooden products. As it is, the methods of recycling wood for industrial purposes have the advantage of productivity and adaptability. However, the industrial way is required a certain production facility of processing wooden by-products and has possible hygienic problems due to contaminated sources. Many designers have developed their own methods for reuse of wood in unique and artistic ways. Even so, because of confined sources, it could be not enough supply. Therefore, I developed the design methodology utilizing wooden by-products from S Design Company to relieve former ways' problems. The design suggestion took materials from a safe and abundant source. The wooden leftover pieces were connected together with epoxy clay, so previous process traces of furniture are remained as a decorative factor. Moreover, the synthesized material was able to be processed by ordinary woodworking facilities without additional installations. In doing so, console table focused on a commercial purpose and dining table for an artistic objective were successfully fabricated as final suggestions. In consideration of the proposal using wooden furniture leftovers, diverse recycling designs should be investigated for future reference.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2023

Background: Reproductive management practices play crucial roles to maximize the reproductive performance of cows, and thus contribute to farm profitability. We aimed to assess the reproductive management of cows currently practiced in the dairy farms in an urban farming system. Methods: A total of 62 dairy farms were randomly selected considering all size of farms such as small (1-5 cattle), medium (6-20 cattle) and large farms (> 20 cattle) from selected areas of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. The reproductive management-related parameters viz. estrus detection, breeding method, pregnancy diagnosis, dry cow and parturition management, vaccination and treatment of reproductive problems etc. were obtained in a pre-defined questionnaire during the farm visit. Results: The visual observation method was only used (100.0%; 62/62) for estrus detection irrespective of size of the farms; while farmers observed cows for estrus 4-5 times a day, but only for 20-60 seconds each time. Regardless of farm size, 89.0% (55/62) farms used artificial insemination (AI) for breeding the cows. Intriguingly, all farms (100.0%) routinely checked the cows for pregnancy at 35-40 days post-breeding using rectal palpation technique by registered veterinarian. However, only 6.5% (4/62) farms practiced dry cow management. Notably, all farms (100.0%) provided nutritional supplements (Vit D, Ca and P) during late gestation. However, proper hygiene and cleanliness during parturition was not practiced in 77.4% (48/62) farms; even though 96.7% (60/62) farms treated cows by registered veterinarian for parturition-related problems. Conclusions: While farmers used AI service for breeding and timely check their cows for pregnancy; however, they need to increase observation time (30 minutes/ observation, twice in a day: early morning and early night) for estrus detection, consider dry cow management and ensure hygienic parturition for maximizing production.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.877-888
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• 2021

본 연구는 2008년 원촨(汶川) 지진 이후 중국 정부가 이재민들을 위해 제공한 임시 집중 안치소와 텐트와 이동식 판자가옥 등 3가지의 임시대피소를 대상으로 그 특성에 대해 연구하였다. 문헌조사를 통해 지속가능성 측면에서 사회적, 경제적, 환경적 요소 중 12개 평가항목을 선정해 임시대피소를 분석하고 평가함으로써 각각의 특성과 문제점을 도출하였다. 분석 결과 임시 집중 안치소와 텐트는 기반시설이 미비하고 위생상태가 나쁘며, 주거공간이 협소하고 개인 공간이 없어 기본 생활조차 불편하다는 문제가 있었다. 이동식 판자가옥은 건축비가 비싸고 건축자재가 친환경적이지 않고 농경지를 차지하며 자재가 재활용률이 낮으며 폐기물이 환경을 오염시키는 등의 문제가 있었다. 3가지 임시대피소의 공통적인 문제점은 우선 정부가 대피소 건설과 배치를 주도하고 이재민들은 정부의 지원을 받는 바람에 임시 커뮤니티의 건설과 관리에 대한 참여 의욕이 떨어진다는 점이었다. 다음으로 3가지 임시대피소가 모두 설계상 이재민들의 심리적 수요를 충분히 고려하지 못했으며, 특히 안전하고 위생적인 개인 공간에 대한 기본 요구를 전혀 충족하지 못하고 있었다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 3가지 임시 대피소의 지속가능한 디자인과 임시 커뮤니티의 건설 및 관리 문제에 대한 개선 방안을 제안하였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2009

본 연구는 집단급식 안전성 확보 및 식중독 방지를 위해 단체급식 안전성에 관하여 전문가를 대상으로 국내 집단급식 식중독 원인을 조사하고, 미래 집단급식 식중독 발생을 예측하였다. 델파이 설문 결과 국내 집단급식 식중독 원인은 '식재료 위생관리 미흡', '손세척', '구역구분', '유통업체 보관' 등이 가장 크게 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 미래 집단급식 식중독 발생 예측 조사 결과 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli(EPEC), non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli(ETEC), Norovirus, hepatitis A virus가 지속적으로 식중독을 발생시킬 것으로 예측하였으며, 집단급식에서 식중독 유발 가능성이 높은 식재료로는 영유아(1-6세), 초등학생(7-12세), 중 고등학생(13-19세)의 식재료 섭취량과 식중독 유발 가능성을 고려해 볼 때 '과일류', '우유', '생선류', '돼지고기', '계란', '쇠고기'였으며, 식단 메뉴로는 '비빔밥', '콩나물무침', '시금치나물', '오이생채', '잡채', '돼지불고기'가 위해도가 높을 것으로 예측되었다. 집단급식소에서 사용빈도가 높을 것으로 예측된 가공식품은 '냉동, 냉장보관식품' 이었으며, 살균방법은 '가열처리', '화학적 살균소독제'로 나타났다. 저장법은 '냉장($10^{\circ}C$ 이하)', '냉동($-20^{\circ}C$ 이하)'법이, 배식형태는 '집단급식소에서 직접 배식' 형태가 집단급식소에서 향후 사용빈도가 높을 것으로 예측되었다. 본 설문조사 결과는 집단급식 전 과정의 체계적인 위생관리시스템의 도입과 식중독예방 식단 구성을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 1977

To get a basic information for improving Korean's pattern of comsuming red pepper and the possibility of its industrial production, consumer's ways of red pepper processing and his present dietary habits were surveyed and the results are follows; (1) Korean's daily consumption of red pepper was on the average 9.2 g on the basis of the whole dried red pepper. (2) The tendency of evading the home drying method was increased; 72.22% in urban community and 50.4% in rural community purchased the dried red pepper in the lump yearly. The household purchasing the fresh red pepper and using the home drying was 27.8% in urban community and 49.6% in rural community, so one third of urban household was still using the home drying method. The case of dependence on tine drying factory was no more than 2.6%. (3) Drying method was mainly sun drying which done on the poor circumstance like as the street side without the proper equipment of drying. Home process of red pepper by housewife was 70.8%, and the old, housekeeper were only 7.3% respectively. (4) The hygienic sense in the drying was rare; 68.8% was not washed and 51.9% of decayed red pepper was eaten. (5) Koreans prefered the strong pungency, deep red color and fine powder form. (6) While the 45.5% of seed was collected by second hand dealer and made use of as resources of edible oil, it was not used effectively due to complexity of its collection system. (7) While 40.1% desired the improvement of red pepper dietary life, 41.1% distrusted the present commercial red pepper powder on the market. From the results above, we conclude the fact many households have still hygienically poor red pepper processed at home, in spite of the red pepper is one of the most important spices in Korea. Considering the growing urban population, reduction of unemployed labor due to the increasing nuclear family and hygienic problems caused by the serious pollution, the improvement of red pepper processing method is urgently required. And it is believed that red pepper has a good prospect to be processed on the industrial scale in Korea.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.25-38
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• 2003

본 연구는 서울에 소재한 일식전문점을 대상으로 2001년 4월부터 6월까지 예비실험 및 본실험을 실시하였다. 주방과 조리종사자의 위생상태, 주방 배치도를 통한 위생상태를 조사하였고, 그곳에서 판매되는 7가지 생선초밥(광어, 도미, 숭어, 새우, 참치, 연어, 문어)의 생산 각 단계에서의 소요시간 및 온도상태, pH를 측정하고 각 초밥 생산 단계에서 채취한 초밥재료와 초밥 생산에 사용된 기구 및 용기, 작업자에 대한 미생물적 품질평가를 실시하였다. 이러한 실험 결과를 토대로 결정계통수를 활용하여 CCP를 결정하고 본 일본식식당의 생선초밥 생산에 대한 HACCP plan을 작성하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약한 내용은 아래와 같다. 1. 주방의 위생상태 평가결과, 시설 및 환경의 평균점수는 1.28, 용기 및 설비에 평균점수는 1.60이었으며 전체 평균점수는 1.44로 보통 수준이었다. 2. 조리 종사자의 위생습관 평가결과 개인 위생 1.33, 식품취급습관은 1.33으로 전반적인 위생습관은 보통 수준이었다. 그러나 조리 종사자에 대한 체계적이고 기본적인 위생 교육이 실시되지 않고 있었다. 3. 주방배치도를 통한 위생상태 평가결과 작업 동선은 복잡하지 않았으나 작업장별 구획구분이 없었고 도마 용도별 사용 구분이 명확하지 않았다. 4. 생선초밥 생산 소요시간은 3시간 36분~6시간으로 최장 4시간이내에 생산을 완료하여야 하는 기준시간을 초과하고 있었으며, 생산과정 중 시료 자체의 온도(10~23$^{\circ}C$)도 위험온도 범위대(5~6$0^{\circ}C$)에 있어 미생물적 위해 발생 요인을 제공하고 있었다. 또한 참치의 경우 실온에서 장시간 방치하여 해동함으로써 또 다른 위해 발생요인이 되고 있었다. 5. 생선초밥 재료에 대한 pH측정결과 3.65~7.03 범위에 있었는데 pH 4.6 이상인 경우에는 미생물의 증식우려가 있는 잠재적 위험 pH이므로 관리가 요구되었다. 6. 생선초밥의 미생물검사 결과는 양호하였는데 총균수는 4.5$\times$$10^2$~5.3$\times$$10^{5}$ CFU/g, 대장균군수는 3.5$\times$$10^1$~2.4$\times$$10^2$CFU/g으로 나타나 허용범위내에 있었다. Salmo nella와 Vibrio parahaemolyticus는 나타나지 않았고, Staphylococcus aureus는 초밥재료 중 밥에서만 101 CFU/g검출되었으나 역시 허용 범위내에 있었다. 그러나 포도상구균의 검출은 비위생적인 위생습관이 주요원인이므로 철저한 원인규명과 관리가 이루어져야 하겠다. 7. 기구, 용기 및 종사자의 손에 대한 미생물검사 결과를 보면 총균수는 8.0$\times$$10^2$~3.3$\times$$10^{6}$ CFU/g, 대장균군수는 1.0$\times$$10^1$~l.6$\times$$10^3$CFU/g으로 이는 즉각적인 조치를 강구할 만큼 매우 불량한 수준이었다. 8. 결정계통수를 활용하여 CCP(critical control point)fmf 결정한 결과, 참치초밥을 제외한 6개 초밥(광어, 도미, 숭어, 연어, 새우, 문어) 생산 시 CCP는 보관단계(holding step)이었고, 참치초밥의 CCP는 해동단계(thawing step)였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.370-378
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• 1995

This study is to seek methods for optimum management of foodservice system for elementary schools in Korea through surveying and analyzing the current status of the "common-management foodservice system" and certain important factors relating to its operations. For the survey of the current status of the "common-management foodservice system", questionnaires are prepared as against schools adopting "common-management system"("Common Schools") as well as schools adopting "conventional management system" ("Conventional Schools") in Kyungsangbookdo ("Kyungbook") area. The survey items are composed of general items, items concerning tasks of dietitians, items concerning purchasing activities and items concerning level of recognition and job-satisfaction of the dietitians. Total 46 dietitians from Common Schools and 65 dietitians from Conventional Schools in Kyungbook region responded the questionnaires. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Information Concerning Dietitians Average age of the dietitians: 26.6 yrs Ratio of two years or less of experiences as school dietitian: Dietitians from Common Schools: 59.1％ Dietitians from Conventional Schools: 50.8％ 2. Types of the Foodservice In both schools, rural type are prevalent; however, between urban types and islands types, the ratio of urban types are larger than the ratio of islands types in Conventional Schools, and the opposite is true in Common Schools. 3. Decision of Suppliers The ratio of dietitian＇s participaion in the decision making reaches only 38.3％, indicating the possibility of problems in quality control and hygienic aspects of the food supply. 4. Factor Analysis of the Foodservice Duties Food supply and general affairs administration work was carried out very well (4.2), while personnel management and operational improvement work (2.8), nutritional education work (2.3), and information related work were poorly carried out. No significant differences were found between the two types of the foodservice management systems. 5. Job Satisfaction scores of Dietitians Dietitians were more satisfied with the works (50.0), supervision (50.5) and co-workers (46.9) than pay (18.0) and promotion (22.3).

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2000

This study tried to suggest the basic materials that can be efficiently applied in clinical cases by understanding problems through a content analysis of an adult nursing assessment tool and opinion agreement about nurse's practical usage presently used in the hospital. The study was carried out in 36 attached hospitals in nationwide universities from May to December, 1999, the two hundred and twenty five reports were for analysis. The contents of the collected nursing assessment tool were analyzed. It was found that the tool had been used with various names and content and there were instances of partial omission of a number of items, such as documentation and time records. Other results revealed that they mostly had a systematic classification of items, formation of details a form of a check list, and the effect of saving time. In spite of the adult nursing assessment tool, it was suggested that its style be subdivided according to the specialized of a department and that standardized style be amended and supplemented. The respondents also answered that there had to be education about continuous and sufficient health assessment skills on the physical examination record. The most frequently suggested items to be added were: past history, marital status, patient and caregiver's address and telephone number. It was found that a patient's education career, economic status, religion, hygienic practice, sexual life and hobby were the most frequently omitted items on record. The reason given wes because the items were associated with his/her privacy. These results highlight the importance of analyzing the content with an complete data collection, supplying basic content for a more accurate nursing record, computerization, sharing information and standardization of the form.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.795-806
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• 2004

Unripe indigenous persimmons which contain rich tannins have been used as natural dye materials traditionally and have been using continuously for dyed clothes named Gal-ot in Jeju. Those persimmons were cheap and easy to use as dyes because of inedible and widely cultured in Korea. Persimmon juice dyes not only make fabrics brown-color but also give functional and hygienic properities such as stiffness, air ventilation of clothes, antibacterial activity, protectivity against ultraviolet light. However there are several serious problems which are ristriction of dyeing periods, longtime irradiation, uneven color and low color fastness etc. in persimmon juice dyeing. This study purpose to improve dye effect and method in order to enlarge useability of persimmon juice dyeing. Cotton fabrics were pad-dyed to 100% pick-up using padding machine after dipping in persimmon juice extracted from unripe persimmons indigenous from Jeju. It was possible and available to control pick-up rate. The color of dyed cotton fabrics by padding method was more even and repeatable than which by traditional hand method. Persimmon juice concentrations were 4 types of 10, 25, 50 and 100％. The more concentration increased, the more color deepened. UV Irradiation instead of sunlight was applied to color developing. Irradiation times were shortened till 1∼8 hrs. Same color values could be taken without water wetting which were required in sunlight irradiation. Tensile strengths of cotton fabrics pad-dyed with low concentration of persimmon juice decreased but recovered at high concentrations. Elongations(％) of cotton fabrics pad-dyed with persimmon juice were increased 1％ more than undyed cotton in sunlight irradiation. Drape stiffness increased upto double times as much as.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.345-356
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• 2010

This study investigates the present conditions of hospital clothes management. A survey was conducted with 72 respondents from 28 different hospitals in April and May 2009. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlations using PASW 17.0. The results were as follows: (1) Administrators, nurses, and outside specialists took part in the clothes management process. The administrators participated in the process of purchase determination. Nurses involved in the design, size selection, and outside specialists were responsible for routine management. (2) Most clothes were planned through the discussions between hospitals and manufacturers. Price was the most important element to determine the purchase of clothes. Size systems were various depending on the conditions of the hospital according to the number of beds. (3) Laundry duties were performed by the hospitals themselves or in specialized laundry plants. In addition, the hygienic condition of clothes management were satisfactory. (4) Patient gowns were evaluated positively, yet some complaints from patients were reported. (5) Various medical supplies were used and were uncomfortable related to textile and fitting problems. Future research themes are suggested based on these results.