• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Nation-wide systematic and comprehensive measurements of air quality criteria species have been made over 340 sites currently in Korea since 1990. Using these data, temporal and spatial trends of $SO_2$, $PM_{10}$, $NO_2$, $O_3$, CO and $O_x(NO_2+O_3)$ were analyzed to characterize and evaluate implementing efficiency of air quality policy and regulations. Due to strict and effective policy to use cleaner fuels in late 1980s and 1990s, the primary pollutants, such as $SO_2$, CO, and $PM_{10}$ decreased sharply by early 2000s in all parts of Korea. After this period, their concentrations declined with much lower rates in most parts of Korea. In addition, isolated but noticeable numbers of places, especially in major ports, newly developing towns and industrial parks, sustained high levels or even showed further degradation. Despite series of emission control strategies were enforced since early 1990s, $NO_2$ concentrations haven't changed much till 2005, due to significant increase in number of automobiles. Nevertheless, we confirmed that the staggering levels of $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ improved evidently after 2005, especially in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), where enhanced regulations for $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ emissions was imposed to automobiles and large emission sources. However, their decreasing trends were much lessened in recent years again as current air quality improvement strategies has been challenged to revise further. In contrast to these primary species, annual $O_3$, which is secondary product from $NO_2$ and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has increased consistently with about 0.6 ppbv per year in every urban part of Korea, while yearly average of daily maximum 8-hour $O_3$ in summer season had a much higher rate of 1.2 ppbv per year. Increase of $O_3$ can be explained mainly by reductions of NO emission. Rising background $O_3$ in the Northeast Asia and increasing oxidizing capacity by changing photochemistry were likely causes of observed $O_3$ increase. The future air quality policy should consider more effective ways to lower alarming level of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 2012

The monitoring of pesticide residues was performed on 33 fruit commodities collected in Gyeonggi-do, Korea from 2006 to 2010. Pesticide residues were detected in 431 samples (16.8%) of total 2,558 samples and violated in 12 samples (0.5%). Annual detection rate showed 6.9%~19.4% with the rate of violation of 0.3%~0.9%. Twenty three samples (69.7%) of 33 commodities were detected and 4 samples (12.1%) were violated. Eight pesticides (EPN, dicofol, carbaryl, procymidone, methidathion, prothiofos, fenitrothion and phenthoate) were violated and 62 pesticides were detected. Chloropyrifos was detected most frequently. The rate of detection and violation of citrus fruits in fruits showed the highest level. Organophosphorus pesticides (35%) and insecticide (57%) were detected most frequently. The hazard index (%ADI) of chronic dietary risk assessment by deterministic approach showed that the lower limit value and upper limit value for the whole population were 0.0000~0.7526 and 0.0000~1.3237 respectively. For the only consumer group, the lower limit value and upper limit value were 0.0006~9.7801 and 0.0058~15.9258 respectively. Therefore the hazard index for the whole population and the only consumer group were evaluated as a safe level.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2012

Acute toxicity, water resolvability and short term reproduction test on Japanese medaka (Oriyzias latipes) for evaluating alachlor susceptibility to endocrine system were studied. Alachlor is known for suspected endocrine distruptors. As the results of tests, $LC_{50}$ (Median lethal concentration) was determined as 2.36 (1.994~2.805) mg/L, and test water replaced at 7 day intervals as its water resolvability was less than 20% in 7 days. The short term reproduction tests on Japanese medaka (Oriyzias latipes) were performed with a solvent control group, a treated group (alachlor concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.11, 0.27, 0.68 ppm) and a positive control group (17 ${\beta}$ estradiol, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 ppb). The number of spawning and embryo rates were declined in a alachlor-dose dependent manner, and the number of unfertilized eggs rates were in contrast increased depending on the concentrations. Further study should be needed to confirm whether the adverse effects may be effected by the concentrations. Additionally, alachlor was evaluated as a non-vitellogenin by the result of a test of significance of the vitellogenin content test for determination of the effect of estrogen among the endocrine disruptors.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.90-102
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• 2016

Flipped learning is generally designed to allow students to learn on their own in advance with the help of scaffolding material such as videos and text, and in the classroom, it is operated with the help of a teacher while the class is being learner-centered. For flipped learning, each of the teachers has to design the class, collect information, and prepare for scaffolding material, so they get to face a lot of difficulties spending much time to reorganize the curriculum and produce a video and so on. Accordingly, this researcher has developed flipped learning textbook models applicable to science class by analyzing Korean and overseas textbooks, conducting an in-depth interview to six science teachers practicing flipped learning, and also developing and applying the science textbook sample model. The elementary, middle, and high school science textbook models developed include not only the textbook-based model with no videos presented in advance but also the lecture-type model, experiment-based model, and inquiry and research-based model to realize flipped learning. This study is expected to present crucial implications to develop textbooks and science class as a class to perform learner-centered inquiry activity.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.345-355
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• 2006

Objectives : The purposes of this study are to evaluate the effect of treatment in obesity clinic in Dae-Gu Hanny University and to improve the oriental medical methods of treatment in obesity patients. Methods : 62 patients were classified into four groups by Body Mass Index(BMI) : normal, overweight, 1st obesity and 2nd obesity groups. Weight, BMI, body fat rate and abdominal fat rate were compared in each group by t-test. Results : In distribution of sex, male were 10(16.1%), female were 52(83.9%). Mean age was $31.0{\pm}2.59$ and the patients in twenties and thirties were the most. Mean weight was $71.80{\pm}4.08kg$ and 1st obesity group(23) was the most. Mean BMI was $27.11{\pm}1.20(kg/m^2)$. BMI Changes in obesity groups treated by obesity clinic were $0.95{\pm}0.68kg/m^2$ in normal group, $1.45{\pm}0.38kg/m^2$ in overweight group, $2.67{\pm}0.48kg/m^2$ in 1st obesity group and $4.01{\pm}1.10kg/m^2$ in 2nd obesity group. The changes in all groups were significant. The more the obesity degree was. the more weight loss was. Conclusions : The weight and BMI in patients were almost decreased significantly when they treated. It resulted that the effect of oriental medical treatment in obesity was positive. This study is the effect of treatment in obesity by several medical methods and it is thought that the study of the effects of treatment in obesity by each medical methods that were used in this study is necessary.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.645-661
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• 2009

The water extract of Dohongsamul-Tang(DHSMT) has been traditionally used to stroke and brain injuries in Oriental Medicine. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of DHSMT on the gene expression profile of cerebral infarction by cDNA microarray in photothrombotic ischemia mouse model. Photothrombotic ischemia was induced in stereotactically held male BALB/c mice using rose bengal and cold light. MRI was performed 24 hours after inducing photothrombosis using 1.5 T MRI and 47 mm surface coil to obtain T2-weighted, and contrast-enhanced images. After MRI test, animal was sacrificed and the brain sections were stained for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry. MRI and histological analysis revealed that lesion of thrombotic ischemia was well induced in the cortex with the evidence of biological courses of infarction. The target area of thrombotic infarction was 1 mm anterior to bregma and 3 mm lateral to midline with 2 mm in diameter, which were decreased by administration of DHSMT. To assess gene expression pattern of cerebral infarction, mRNA was isolated and reacted with microarray chip(Agilant's DNA Microarray 44K). Scatter and MA plot analysis were performed to clustering of each functional genes. M value [M=log2(R/G), A={log2(R ${\times}$ G)}/2] was between -0.5 and +0.5 with 40% difference. After pretreatment with DHSMT, the expression levels of mRNA of many genes involved in various signaling pathway such as apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, response to oxidative stress, immune response, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cytokine were markedly inhibited in photothrombotic ischemia lesion compared to the control group. These results suggest that DHSMT prevent ischemic death of brain on photothrombotic ischemia model of mice through modulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.602-609
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Gunbibosinhangam-tang (GBHT I) and Gunbibosinhangam-tang-gamibang (GBHT II, GBHT III) on solid tumor and immune cells. The animals were divided into 4 groups ; Control, no treatment. GBHT I, treatment with GBHT itself. GBHT II, treatment with GBHT increased the quantity of Hedyotis Diffusae twice. GBHT III, treatment with GBHT increased the quantity of Hedyotis Diffusae four times. We investigated the effects of GBHT on proliferation of solid tumor cells (S-180), thymocytes, splenocytes in vitro in order to examine cytotoxicity for S-180 and immuno-stimulating activities. The experiments that is about solid tumor weight and survival rate in tumor bearing mice were performed also. As compared with the control group, treatments with GBHT II and GBHT III suppressed the proliferation of S-180 effectively. Treatments with all experimental groups accelerated the proliferation of thymocytes and splenocytes significantly. In addition, GBHT III was significantly decreased on solid tumor weight and increased on survival rate in tumor bearing mice. Based upon these results, we suggest that GBHT and GBHT-gamibang have both anti-cancer effects for S-180 and immuno-stimulating activities for thymocytes and splenocytes. Therefore, we conclude that GBHT and Hedyotis Diffusae is useful to treat the patients with cancer.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2012

Seroepidemiological changes of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of the islands of Gangwha-gun, Incheon for 2 years were surveyed and evaluated by ELISA using a crude extract antigen. In 2010, sera of 919 adult residents in Gyodong-myeon and 313 adults in Samsan-myeon were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 14.5% (133 sera) and 19.8% (62 sera) positive rates, respectively. In 2011, sera of 955 adults in Gyodong-myeon and 341 adults in Samsan-myeon were examined, which showed an increase of positive rates to 23.8% (227 sera) and 31.7% (108 sera), respectively. Totally, the seroprevalence of the first year was 15.8% and it increased rapidly to 25.8% in the second year. The positive rates of both sexes increased simultaneously with the significant ratio of males to females by 1.7-2.2 fold (P<0.05). In both myeons, 661 sera were collected every year and showed changes in optical density (OD) in 177 sera; newly found as positives in 73 persons (11.0%), negative conversion in 10 persons (1.5%), and maintained or increased in 94 persons (14.2%). This rapid increase in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Gangwha islands may be due to in part peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the islands and presumably the consumption of the pork bred domestically within the islands or imported from high endemic nations. It is necessary to find out symptomatic toxoplasmic patients and confirm the risk factors for further infection in the islands of Gangwha-gun.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2015

This study was conducted to verify the potential of Allium hookeri to control glucose metabolism in a diabetes model. We fed the experimental diets (AL, AR, Dex) supplemented with the powder of leaf, root, or dextrin as a positive control, respectively at 3% of diet to the diabetic mice (C57BLKS/J, db/db) for 8 weeks. Control mice were fed with the diet supplemented with cornstarch (Cont) at 3% level of diet. At 8th week of feeding the diets, we measured body weight, blood glucose, HbA1c, and plasma insulin levels and conducted an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and staining insulin immunoreactive cells in islets of pancreas. AL group treated with the leaf of A. hookeri showed significantly lower blood glucose and HbA1c levels, higher plasma insulin levels, and increased density of insulin immunoreactive cells compared with the Cont group. During the OGTT, AL group showed lower blood glucose levels than the Cont group for 120 min. Based on these results, leaf of A. hookeri is considered to be effective in improving glucose tolerance by partially affecting insulin secretion and it may be used to prevent and treat diabetic disease.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2014

In this study, we surveyed the current status, satisfaction and demand of radiologic technologist continuing education for 93 radiologic technologists who participated in the continuing education. To understand the current status and general evaluation and to find out the improvement direction, survey was conducted on 3 categories: participation, satisfaction and demand of continuing education. In addition, we analyzed the continuing education implementation status and the management system by collecting related regulations. As a result, the education completion rates of radiologic technologists from 2010 to 2012 were respectively 42.6%, 43.4% and 34.2%; the rates were similar to other medical technician's average education completion rates. According to the survey, in case of participation, the most frequent answer was 'more than five times less than 10 times per year' with 48.4% and in satisfaction section, the most common answer was 'Average(3)' with 34.4%. In demand of continuing education section, 32.8% of the respondents chose 'Clinical skill training in major field'. In the results of this research, continuing education needs to be managed in the direction of helping radiologists improve their personal ability and self development. Furthermore, to meet the demand of radiologists, the quality of continuing education should be improved to satisfy the educatee.