• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

North Han River is a very unique type of water system, where Hwacheon, Chuncheon, Soyanggang, Euiam and Cheongpyeong Dams are located consecutively. These dams are operated differently in the amount of discharge and release schedule according to their structure and purpose of use. They have different water quality characteristics depending on external pollutant inflow and internal mixing condition. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the upper dam and down stream river with respect to water quality indicators, such as water temperature, electrical conductivity, BOD, COD, TN and TP of the North Han River. The similarities and correlations representing the relationship were analyzed by Pearson's correlation r and t-test. The data was taken from the Ministry of Environment's water quality monitoring from 1999 to 2018. The results show that water temperature and electrical conductivity of the dam and river are similar and correlated. However, it turned out that there was no similarities and correlations in BOD, COD, TN and TP that are significantly affected by subaqueous reaction mechanism. The results of this study present the impact of the dam on the water quality of North Han River, which can be used as useful data for management of water quality.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.483-486
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• 2014

A 76-year-old male underwent a left upper lobectomy with wedge resection of the superior segment of the left lower lobe using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for non-small-cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe. He presented with shortness of breath, fever, and leukocytosis. Chest radiography showed atelectasis at the remaining left lower lobe. Bronchoscopy revealed narrowing of the left lower bronchus with purulent secretion, and computed tomography showed downward kinking of the left lower lobar bronchus. He underwent exploratory VATS, and intraoperative findings showed an inferiorly kinked left lower lobar bronchus with upward displacement of the left lower lobe. After adhesiolysis, the kinked bronchus was straightened, and bronchopexy was performed to the pericardium to prevent the recurrence of bronchial kinking. Also, the inferior pulmonary ligament was reattached to prevent upward displacement. Postoperative follow-up bronchoscopy revealed no evidence of residual bronchial obstruction, and chest radiography showed no atelectasis thereafter.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is malodor reduction of food waste leachate by some microorganism. In oder to observe the efficiency of malodor reduction by different microorganisms, 300ml of food waste leachate was fermented by the addition of 10% precultured seed microorganism such as marine algae of Spirulina plantensis, Chlorella vulgaris, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae and bacteria Bacillus cereus for 10 days. During the fermentation the change in pH, salinity and sensory evaluations were tested. As the results, the pH values of samples in the beginning were 3.5~4.0. After fermentation they are increased to the level 4.9~7.4. The salinity values of the samples fermented by Spirulina plantensis and Chlorella vulgaris were lowered rapidly. By the sensory evaluation, the efficiency of malodor reduction by Chlorella vulgaris of the marine microalgae showed almost inodorous degree of ordor 1.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

목적 : 양심안영(養心安營), 청신녕지(淸神寧志), 조리기혈(調理氣血)의 효능을 가진 심유혈(心兪穴)($BL_{15}$)이 자율신경의 안정에 기여할 수 있다는 것을 입증하기 위하여 객관적으로 자율신경의 활성과 심장의 많은 연관성이 있다고 알려진 HRV(Heart Rate Variability)를 이용하였다. 방법 : 안정을 취한 후 29명의 남자 대상자를 HRV가 먼저 측정하였다. HRV 측정 후 대상자의 량측(兩側) 심유혈(心兪穴)에 자침하고 전침으로 지속적인 자극을 주었으며, 15분간 이 상태로 류침(留鍼)하였다. 발침(拔鍼) 후 다시 HRV를 측정하여 이를 측정 전과 비교하였다. 측정 결과의 비교 항목은 MHRT, SDNN, RMSSD, TP, VLF, LF, HF, Norm LF, Norm HF, LF/HF ratio로 하였다. 결과 : MHRT는 유의성이 있었다. SDNN은 유의성이 없었다. RMSSD는 증가하였으나, 유의성이 없었다. TP는 감소하였으나, 유의성이 없었다. VLF는 감소하였으나, 유의성이 없었다. LF는 감소하였으나, 유의성이 없었다. HF는 증가하였으나, 유의성은 없었다. Norm LF는 감소하였으나, 유의성이 없었다. Norm HF는 증가하였으나, 유의성은 없었다. LF/HF ratio는 감소하였으나, 유의성이 없었다. 결론 : 심유혈(心兪穴) 자침 결과는 교감 신경의 흥분을 가라앉히고 부교감 신경의 안정성을 증대하여, 심장의 안정도에 기여하는 것으로 보이나, 이는 통계적으로 의미가 없었다. 본 연구의 대상 집단이 소규모이며 스트레스가 아주 심하지 않은 집단이라는 점에서 유의성이 상대적으로 부각되지 못했다. 향후 비교할 만한 대조군을 설정하여 더 심한 스트레스를 받은 큰 집단을 대상으로 한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the significant factors for risk estimate of aspiration and to evaluate the efficiency of the dysphagia assessment tool. Methods: A consecutive series of 210 stroke patients with aspiration symptoms such as cough and dysphagia who had soft or regular diet without tube feeding were examined. The dysphagia assessment tool for aspiration was compared with videofluoroscopy using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. Results: In CART analysis, of 34 factors, the significant factors for estimating risk of aspiration were cough during swallowing, oral stasis, facial symmetry, salivary drooling, and cough after swallowing. The risk estimate error of the revised dysphagia assessment tool was 25.2%, equal to that of videofluoroscopy. Conclusion: The results indicate that the dysphagia assessment tool developed and examined in this study was potentially useful in the clinical field and the primary risk estimating factor was cough during swallowing. Oral stasis, facial symmetry, salivary drooling, cough after swallowing were other significant factors, and based on these results, the dysphagia assessment tool for aspiration was revised and complemented.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the changes in soft tissue thickness of the masseteric region after injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). Methods: Twenty-four data acquired from medical records were classified into 4 groups: bruxer group that received masseter muscle injection only (M-B), bruxer group that received both masseter and temporalis muscle injections (MT-B), non-bruxer group that received masseter muscle injection only (M-NB) and non-bruxer group that received both masseter and temporalis muscle injections (MT-NB). Injection dose of BTX-A was 30 units for each masseter muscle and 20 units for each temporalis muscle. We measured the reduced thickness of the masseteric region before and after 12 weeks after injection using cone-beam computed tomography. Results: Among the patients that received both masseter and temporalis muscle injections, bruxer group showed a tendency to have more reduction in masseter muscle thickness than non-bruxer group. The difference in reduced thickness between M-B and MT-B tended to show greater than the difference between M-NB and MT-NB. Conclusions: In case of masseter hypertrothy patients with bruxism there was a tendency to show a difference in reduced thickness of soft tissue between the group that received both masseter and temporalis muscles injection and the group that received masseter muscle injection only hence a thorough inspection before the injection of BTX-A is condisered to be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.326-331
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• 2012

Objectives: Stress may have an impact on treatment types that patients receive for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). This study sought to investigate the relationship between the stress index and type of treatments in patients with TMD. Materials and Methods: The psychosocial well-being index-short form (PWI-SF) was used to evaluate stress levels in ninety-two patients with TMD. Treatment types were classified into two groups: one group received counseling, physical therapy or medication, while the second group received splint therapy or surgical intervention. Results: The high-risk group (PWI-SF${\geq}27$, the higher the points, the more severe the stress level) was more frequently treated by splint therapy than the low-risk group (PWI-SF<27). Female TMD patients reported higher PWI-SF scores than male TMD patients. Conclusion: This study suggests a relationship between stress levels and treatment types for patients with TMD. Thus, the appropriate evaluation and management of stress could be an important factor in treating TMD.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2014

Objective: In search of an ideal method of assisted hatching (AH), we compared the effects of conventional micropipette-AH and laser-AH on the blastocyst formation rate (BFR) and blastocyst cell numbers. Methods: Four-to five-week-old ICR female mice were paired with male mice after superovulation using Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and hCG. The two-cell embryos were flushed from the oviducts of female mice. The retrieved two-cell embryos underwent one of five AH procedures: single mechanical assisted hatching (sMAH); cross mechanical assisted hatching (cMAH); single laser assisted hatching (sLAH); quarter laser assisted hatching (qLAH); and quarter laser zona thinning assisted hatching (qLZT-AH). After 72 hours incubation, double immunofluorescence staining was performed. Results: Following a 72 hours incubation, a higher hatching BFR was observed in the control, sMAH, cMAH, and sLAH groups, compared to those in the qLAH and qLZT-AH groups (p<0.05). The hatched BFR was significantly higher in the qLAH and qLZT-AH groups than in the others (p<0.05 for each group). The inner cell mass (ICM) was higher in the control and sMAH group (p<0.05). The trophectoderm cell number was higher in the cMAH and qLAH groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that the hatched BFR was higher in groups exposed the the qLAH and qLZT-AH methods compared to groups exposed to other AH methods. In the qLAH group, although the total cell number was significantly higher than in controls, the ICM ratio was significantly lower in than controls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2014

As part of a balanced testing battery, subchronic inhalation studies on rats are performed to ensure that proposed cigarette modifications do not increase the toxicity of smoke and to demonstrate any instances where a modification may actually contribute to harm reduction. For subchronic inhalation studies with aerosols, the OECD suggests an exposure regimen of 6 hours/day (OECD Guideline 413, 1981), but alternative regimens have also been published: 1 hour/day and $2{\times}1$ hour/day. The aim of this study was to validate a rodent nose-only exposure system for the assessment of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke. In this study, cigarette smoke exposure system is consisted of cigarette smoke generator, smoke concentration adjusting system, and 20-port nose-only exposure system. Male SD rats were exposed for 35 days ($2{\times}1$ hour/day) to 3R4F Reference cigarette smoke and analysed major monitoring items of OECD Gudeline 413. WTPM, was measured in the test atmosphere, respiratory function (Buxco Biosystems) during exposure, postexposure urinary exposure biomarkers and alveolar neutrophiles in BAL fluid (Day 35) were evaluated. Validation demonstrated steady WTPM ($257{\pm}20ug/L$, $502{\pm}27ug/L$) and spatial uniformity (<10%). Nose port temperature ($22{\sim}26^{\circ}C$ and RH (45~75%) were acceptable over 35 days. Reductions in respiratory rate and minute volume and increase in the neutrophiles in BALF and the urinary exposure biomarkers were observed cigarette smoke dose dependently. This validation and 35-day inhalation study has shown that the rodent nose-only exposure system may be useful in the inhalation toxicity assessment of cigarette smoke.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.495-502
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• 2020

In this paper, a power management circuit was designed to drive the emergency lighting LED in the underground facility for public utilities using magnetic energy harvest. The magnetic energy harvest consists of a harvest elements and power management circuits. The proposed circuit was made of a rectifier, a battery charging circuit, and an LED driving circuit. In normal times, the battery is charged with the harvested power, and in the event of an emergency, the energy stored in the battery is used to drive the LED. As a result of the measurement, it took two minutes to charge the 47 mF capacitor. This is the amount of power that can drive an LED for emergency lighting for about three and a half minutes. Through this, it was confirmed that the power management circuit for magnetic energy harvest proposed in this paper can be used as an emergency lighting LED-driven power device in an underground facility for public utilities where it is difficult to draw separate power.