• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.635-641
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• 2005

황산염 환원 반응이 혐기성 조건 하에서 수소에 대하여 경쟁관계에 있는 메탄생성 및 환원성 탈염소화 반응에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위한 회분식 실험을 수행하였다. 황산염 환원반응은 수소문턱농도가 2 nM로 탈염소화 반응과 유사하여 낮은 수소 농도에서 탈염소화를 저해하였으며 메탄생성균이 cDCE의 탈염소화를 저해시키는 것과는 달리 PCE의 cDCE 변환 과정부터 탈염소화를 억제하였다. 또한 황산염은 메탄생성을 억제하여 메탄생성균이 수소경쟁에서 제외되었는 바, 이는 메탄생성의 수소문턱농도(10 nM)가 상대적으로 높기 때문이다. 황산염이 존재하는 경우 탈염소화 효율은 식종 미생물의 농도에 큰 영향을 받지 않았는 바, 이는 식종 미생물 증가에 의해 탈염소화뿐만 아니라 황산염 환원반응도 동시에 촉진되었기 때문이다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2005

Hydrogen is getting more attention owing to the seriousness of air pollution and dependance on oil import, UNCCC(United Nations Convention on Climate Change) for reducing the emission of $CO_2$. This fact is not confined in a certain country but global recognition and several countries initiated R&D competition for commercializing the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Within 20${\sim}$30 years cost effective hydrogen production can be possible using fossil fuels because so much research is carried out up to now. But it is so far to produce the most of the hydrogen using renewable resources considering the present status of R&D and cost effectiveness. Several automobile companies planed for mass production of hydrogen vehicle by 2010 but changed or canceled the plan owing to the difficulty of R&D and the low status of infrastructure penetration. This paper surveyed the hydrogen energy policy, R&D program and commercialization strategy of advanced country, international agency, automobile and energy company to analyze the global status of R&D and policy. And the survey of R&D program is focused on the part of hydrogen production, storage, delivery and fuel cell.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2007

Effect of nitrogen-load condition on hydrogen ($H_2$) production and bacterial community in a continuous anaerobic hydrogen fermentation were investigated. The slight $H_2$ production on extremely low nitrogen-load condition (C/N ratio: 180) at the start-up period. The highest $H_2$ production was obtained when the C/N ratio was 36, the $H_2$ production yield ($mol-H_2/mol-glucose$) reached to 1.7, and it was indicated that Clostridium pasteurianum mainly contributed to the $H_2$ production. The $H_2$ production was decreased on both the lower (C/N: 72) and higher (C/N: 18) nitrogen-load conditions. The excess nitrogen-load was not always suitable for the hydrogen production. The fluctuation of $H_2$ production seemed to be caused by a change in the bacterial community according to the nitrogen-load condition, while a recovery of $H_2$ productivity was possible by a control of nitrogen-load condition through the bacterial community change. When the nitrogen-load condition was not suitable for hydrogen production, the lactic acid concentration was increased and also lactic acid bacteria were definitely detected, which suggested that the competition between hydrogen fermentator and lactic acid producer was occurred. These results demonstrated that the nitrogen-load condition affect on the $H_2$ productivity through the change of bacterial community in anaerobic hydrogen fermentation.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.211-211
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• 2012

Using spin-polarized density-functional theory calculations, we find that the existence of either Peierls instability or antiferromagnetic spin ordering is sensitive to hydrogen passivation near the step. As hydrogens are covered on the terrace, the dangling bond electrons are localized at the step, leading to step-induced states. We investigate the competition between charge and spin orderings in dangling-bond (DB) wires of increasing lengths fabricated on an H-terminated vicinal Si(001) surface. We find antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering to be energetically much more favorable than charge ordering. The energy preference of AF ordering shrinks in an oscillatory way as the wire length increases. This oscillatory behavior can be interpreted in terms of quantum size effects as the DB electrons fill discrete quantum levels.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2010년도 학술논문요약집
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• pp.271-272
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• 2010

Sensitivity analysis by TSUNAMI clarifies the complex effects of key nuclides on the criticality probability quantitatively. As discussed above, the $K_{eff}$ of $UO_2$ fuel reaches the maximum value with 42w% concentration of intrusion water. The concentration of hydrogen affects the complexity of reaching criticality by its competition between the concentrations of $^{235}U$. Approximately if the weight percent of $H_2O$ in the mixture is less than 42%, the moderation effect of hydrogen surpasses its dilution effect on $^{235}U$. However, the importance of $^{235}U$ increases dramatically when the weight percent of water is bigger than 42%. In the sensitivity evaluation of $UO_2$ fuel employing TSUMAMI, there is a similar crosspoint of the sensitivity of $^{235}U$ and the sensitivity of $^1H$ where the criticality reaches summit. And the optimal water weight percent is determined to be 50%.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1074-1081
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• 2006

질산성질소와 트리클로로에틸렌(TCE)을 동시에 제거하고자 이들을 화학적 생물학적으로 환원 및 수착시키는 반응매질로서 영가철과 피트(peat)를 이용하였다. 영가철의 수중산화로 발생된 수소가 질산성질소와 TCE를 환원시켜 두 물질이 제거하는데 TCE의 수착제거가 가능한 피트를 이용하고 그에 따른 혼합미생물의 생분해 및 전자전달의 효과를 이용하였다. 질산성질소의 경우 영가철과 피트혼합매질에서 제거효율이 우수하나 제거기작이 환원에 의존하므로 TCE가 공존시 전자에 대한 경쟁으로 그 제거효율이 감소하였으며 멸균처리한 피트를 사용한 실험군과의 결과비교로 탈질균의 작용을 알 수 있었다. TCE의 경우 영가철이 함유된 매질에서 제거효율이 높으며 질산염 공존이 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 생분해하는 혐기성 미생물군의 존재는 시스템에서 발생한 수소와 메탄가스 분석으로 확인하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.352-357
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• 2009

오염토양에 펜톤 반응을 적용함에 있어서 과산화수소의 빠른 소모로 과량의 과산화수소가 요구되어지는 것이 단점으로 지적되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대표적인 PAHs물질인 phenanthrene으로 오염된 토양 처리를 위해 철의 리간드로 acetate를 사용하여 과산화수소의 안정성 확보를 통하여 공정의 효율을 높이고자 하였다. Acetate는 철의 몰농도에 대비하여 0.5배에서 3배(2${\sim}$12 mM)까지 주입하였고, 과산화수소는 분해 효율에 미치는 영향을 배제하기 위해 낮은 농도인 0.7%를 주입하였다. Acetate가 주입되어 과산화수소의 잔류시간은 최대 50배 이상 증가하였으며, 과산화수소의 안정성이 확보됨에 따라 phenanthrene의 제거율도 70%까지 향상되었다. 반응 중에 철은 2가와 3가로 산화환원을 반복하였고 과산화수소가 모두 분해되는 시점부터 $HO_2^-$에 의해 2가철로 환원이 이루어졌다. 과산화수소의 영향으로 반응중의 pH는 산성영역을 나타냈으며, acetate가 8 mM 이상 주입되었을때 4${\sim}$5범위 내에 머무르는 것을 확인하였다. Fenton reaction에 의해 철의 리간드로 사용된 acetate 역시 분해가 이루어지는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, phenanthrene의 비해 분해되는 시점이 느린 것으로 나타나 분해되어지는 경쟁관계에서 phenanthrene이 우세한 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 연구결과를 통해 오염 토양처리에 기존 Fenton reaction의 효율성과 경제성을 향상시킬 수 있는 가능성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 중성영역의 pH로 확장된 연구 등을 통해 좀 더 현실적인 공법으로 발전할 수 있으리라 판단된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.966-972
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• 2024

Idaho National Laboratory (INL) announced at COP27 it would reach net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2031. As a Nuclear, Energy and Environment, and National Homeland Security laboratory, the predominant solution to closing the clean energy gap will include nuclear as a safe, clean, reliable and affordable electricity source with the additional benefit of producing heat and hydrogen to fuel INL's large transportation fleet. INL's collaboration first vs. competition is essential to the program's success. The focused actions in INL's Nuclear Roadmap include: Infrastructure, Licensing/Regulatory, Financial, Time to Market, Fuel Cycle and Public Confidence/Communications. The roadmap also includes nuclear technology innovations and creative partnerships with utility providers, regulators, businesses, community members, and Indigenous Peoples to accelerate deployment of advanced reactors. Through development of the Net-Zero Nuclear Roadmap, INL will offer a model to provide safe and secure energy for the nation and the world by: (1) establishing the necessary infrastructure on its 890-square mile site to support demonstration, (2) showing proven pathways through the licensing and regulation process, (3) partnering with utilities to ensure commercial application, and (4) collaborating with industry to site new technologies.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.352-357
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• 2001

Cadmium (Cd) has been identified as a potential contaminant in agricultural and environmental soils. Ionic condition in the soils is an important factor to influence Cd availability. In this study, the effect of sulfate or nitrate application on Cd sorption in acidic and calcareous soils was investigated. The Cd, sulfate $(SO_4)$, and nitrate $(NO_3)$ sources were solutions of $CdCl_2$, $K_2SO_4$, and $KNO_3$, respectively. The soil-solution system pH was affected by the application of sulfate or nitrate in both acidic and calcareous soil system, but there was not clear pH difference between pre- and simultaneous applications of sulfate or nitrate (PAS/PAN or SAS/SAN). Solution ionic strength (I) values were similar between the acid and calcareous soil systems after applying the Cd even though it was significantly different in the untreated control soils. However after applying the sulfate or nitrate, the I values increased and were always higher with SAS/SAN treatments. Solution Cd concentration also increased with the application of sulfate or nitrate. However, the Cd concentration in soil solution controlled by Cd sorption in the systems was different between PAS/PAN and SAS/SAN treatments only in the calcareous soil system, but not in the acidic soil system. The difference in Cd concentration between SAS/SAN and PAS/PAN in the calcareous systems may be caused by system pH, ionic strength, complexation, and predominately, competition of the $Cd^{2-}$ with the index $K^+$ ion. Potassium ion-Cd competition in the acidic soil system may be minimized because of the abundance of hydrogen ions.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.252-272
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• 2017

Fuel cell systems have to satisfy acceptable operating reliability, sufficient lifetime and price to enter the market in competition with existing products. Fuel cells are made up of complex element technologies and various problems related to the failure of the components can affect the reliability and safety of the system. This problem can be overcome by introducing a monitoring and supervisory control system in addition to automatic control to detect the failure of the fuel cell quickly and properly diagnose the performance degradation. For the fault detection and diagnosis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, the model based method using the theoretical superposition value and the non-model based method of checking the signal tendency or the converted signal characteristic can be applied. The methods analyzed in this paper can contribute to the development of integrated monitoring and control technology for the whole system as well as the stack.