• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.3615-3638
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• 2020

Node identity authentication is an essential means to ensure the security of the Internet of Things. Existing blockchain-based IoT node authentication schemes have many problems. A heterogeneous IoT node authentication scheme based on an improved hybrid blockchain is proposed. Firstly, the hybrid blockchain model is designed to make the blockchain and IoT environment more compatible. Then the proxy node selection mechanism is intended to establish a bridge between the ordinary IoT node and the blockchain, building by calculating the trust value between nodes. Finally, based on the improved hybrid blockchain, the node authentication scheme of the model and proxy node selection mechanism establishes a secure connection for communication between nodes. Safety and performance analysis shows proper safety and performance.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.357-370
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• 2021

The evolution of blockchain-based systems has enabled researchers to develop nextgeneration e-voting systems. However, the classical consensus method of blockchain, that is, Proof-of-Work, as implemented in Bitcoin, has a significant impact on energy consumption and compromises the scalability, efficiency, and latency of the system. In this paper, we propose a hybrid consensus model (PSC-Bchain) composed of Proof of Credibility and Proof of Stake that work mutually to address the aforementioned problems to secure e-voting systems. Smart contracts are used to provide a trustworthy public bulletin board and a secure computing environment to ensure the accuracy of the ballot outcome. We combine a sharding mechanism with the PSC-Bchain hybrid approach to emphasize security, thus enhancing the scalability and performance of the blockchain-based e-voting system. Furthermore, we compare and discuss the execution of attacks on the classical blockchain and our proposed hybrid blockchain, and analyze the security. Our experiments yielded new observations on the overall security, performance, and scalability of blockchain-based e-voting systems.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.11-25
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• 2024

The proliferation of IoT devices has presented an unprecedented challenge in managing device identities securely and efficiently. In this paper, we introduce an innovative Hybrid Blockchain-Based Approach for IoT Identity Management that prioritizes both security and efficiency. Our hybrid solution, strategically combines the advantages of direct and indirect connections, yielding exceptional performance. This approach delivers reduced latency, optimized network utilization, and energy efficiency by leveraging local cluster interactions for routine tasks while resorting to indirect blockchain connections for critical processes. This paper presents a comprehensive solution to the complex challenges associated with IoT identity management. Our Hybrid Blockchain-Based Approach sets a new benchmark for secure and efficient identity management within IoT ecosystems, arising from the synergy between direct and indirect connections. This serves as a foundational framework for future endeavors, including optimization strategies, scalability enhancements, and the integration of advanced encryption methodologies. In conclusion, this paper underscores the importance of tailored strategies in shaping the future of IoT identity management through innovative blockchain integration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.7-8
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• 2019

This paper presents a hybrid blockchain-based Identity Management Framework for devices in Microgrid. It incorporates the use of a Public and Private Blockchain platform to store and authenticate Microgrid device identities. It also emphasizes the shared responsibility of the manufacturers to provide the first layer of authentication for the devices they produce. Identities of each device are stored in the private and public Blockchain and authenticated using physically unclonable functions (PUF) and cryptographic functions.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.253-262
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• 2023

E-voting is a concept that includes actions such as kiosk voting at a designated place and internet voting at an unspecified place, and has emerged to alleviate the problem of consuming a lot of resources and costs when conducting offline voting. Using E-voting has many advantages over existing voting systems, such as increased efficiency in voting and ballot counting, reduced costs, increased voting rate, and reduced errors. However, centralized E-voting has not received attention in public elections and voting on corporate agendas because the results of voting cannot be trusted due to concerns about data forgery and modulation and hacking by others. In order to solve this problem, recently, by designing an E-voting system using blockchain, research has been actively conducted to supplement concepts lacking in existing E-voting, such as increasing the reliability of voting information and securing transparency. In this paper, we proposed an electronic voting system that introduced hybrid blockchain that uses public and private blockchains in convergence. A hybrid blockchain can solve the problem of slow transaction processing speed, expensive fee by using a private blockchain, and can supplement for the lack of transparency and data integrity of transactions through a public blockchain. In addition, the proposed system is implemented as BaaS to ensure the ease of type conversion and scalability of blockchain and to provide powerful computing power. BaaS is an abbreviation of Blockchain as a Service, which is one of the cloud computing technologies and means a service that provides a blockchain platform ans software through the internet. In this paper, in order to evaluate the feasibility, the proposed system and domestic and foreign electronic voting-related studies are compared and analyzed in terms of blockchain type, anonymity, verification process, smart contract, performance, and scalability.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2020

Recently, interest in blockchain technology has increased. The data industry is increasingly growing around the world. In addition, databases which obtain important information such as personal data are targeted by hackers. Data exposed by attackers happen frequently. In 2017, OWASP announced SQL injection is a top 1 threat to web applications. However, the proportion of data security is the smallest in the data industry. To prevent data exposure, this paper proposes a method that can protect databases by using hybrid blockchain.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.121-132
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• 2019

As the 4th industrial age enters, the number of IoT devices is exploding. Accordingly, the importance of security is also increasing in proportion to the increasing number of security incidents of IoT devices. However, due to the limited performance of IoT devices, there are limitations to applying existing security solutions. Therefore, a new automatic firmware distribution solution is needed to solve this problem. To solve this problem, we propose a new automatic firmware update system that uses a hybrid blockchain that combines a public blockchain and a private blockchain. The public blockchain allows various firmware providers to distribute firmware using a common system. Private blockchain solves the transaction overload problem of the public blockchain and facilitates the management of IoT devices. It also uses distributed file storage to ensure high availability without failing. Therefore, this system is expected to be very effective for improving the security of IoT devices.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.111-118
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• 2021

Banking systems are sensitive to data privacy since users' data, if not well protected, may be used to perform fake transactions. Blockchains, public and private, are frequently used in such systems thanks to their efficiency and high security. Public blockchains fail to fully protect users' data, despite their power in the accuracy of the transactions. The private blockchain is better used to protect the privacy of the sensitive data. They are not open and they apply authorization to login into the blockchain. However, they have a lower security compared to public blockchain. We propose in this paper a hybrid public-private architecture that profits from network virtualization. The main novelty of this proposal is the use of network virtualization that helps to reduce the complexity and efficiency of the computations. Simulations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution. Findings prove the efficiency of the scheme in reducing complexity and enhancing data privacy by guarantee high security. The contribution conducted by this proposal is that the results are verified by the centralized controller that ensures a correct validation of the resulted blockchains. In addition, computation complexity is to be reduced by profiting from the cooperation performed by the virtual agents.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

The Neis System is a system integrating administrative information that was operated in elementary and secondary schools in Korea. Currently, this system is operated by a central server method and contains school administration information and important educational information of students. Among student information, the student life record contains important information for a student to advance to a higher level institution, but problems such as information leakage or manipulation may occur due to malicious attacks. In this paper, we propose a hybrid blockchain system that combines the server and blockchain technology managed by the existing Neis system. The proposed system records the query information of the database in a block when student information is accessed. When a request for correction of student information or issuance of a certificate is received, the query of the blockchain, the information in the database, and the student's key value are checked to determine whether the information has been leaked or manipulated, and only if the data is normal, the request for revision of the record is performed. This process is more secure than the existing central server because it checks the manipulation of data through the blockchain. The proposed system was implemented on the Ethereum platform, and the query information of the blockchain was experimentally verified using smart contracts. This study contributes to enhancing the reliability of the Nice system by strengthening the security against forgery and alteration of student data by combining the existing Nice system with a block chain.

• Trans-
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• v.14
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• pp.1-33
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• 2023

In the Web 3.0 era, the third generation of web technologies that uses blockchain technology to give creators ownership of data, metaverse is a crucial trend for developing a creator economy. Web 3.0 aims for a value in which content creators are compensated from participation without being dependent on the platform. Blockchain NFT technology is crucial in metaverse, a vital component of Web 3.0, to ensure the ownership of digital assets. Based on the theory that investigates the concept and characteristics of metaverse, this study identifies five features of the metaverse based NFT art ①'Continuity', ②'Presence', ③ 'Concurrency', ④'Economy', ⑤ 'Application of technology'. By focusing on metaverse based NFT art <Hybrid Nature> case study, we analyzed how the concepts and characteristics of the metaverse and NFT art were reflected in the work. This study focuses on the concept of NFT art, which is emerging at the intersection of art, technology and industry, and emphasizes the importance of finding creative, aesthetic, and cultural values rather than the NFT art's potential for financial gain. It is still in its early stage for academic studies to focus on the aesthetic qualities of NFT art. Future academics and researchers can find this study to gain deeper understanding of the traits and artistic, creative aspects of metaverse based NFT art.