• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2001

Active control of flexural vibrations of smart laminated composite beams has been carried out using piezoceramic sensor/actuator and viscoelastic material. The beams with passive constrained layer damping hale been analyzed by formulating the equations of motion through the use of extended Hamilton's principle. The dynamic characteristics such as damping ratio and modal damping of the beam are calculated for various fiber orientations by means of iterative complex eigensolution method. This paper addresses a design strategy of laminated composite under flexural vibrations to design structure with maximum possible damping capacity.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.557-580
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• 2003

Laminated composite structures find wide range of applications in many branches of technology. They are much suited for weight sensitive structures (like aircraft) where thinner and lighter members made of advanced fiber reinforced composite materials are used. The orientations of fiber direction in layers and number of layers and the thickness of the layers as well as material of composites play a major role in determining the strength and stiffness. Thus the basic design problem is to determine the optimum stacking sequence in terms of laminate thickness, material and fiber orientation. In this paper, a new optimization technique called Cellular Automata (CA) has been combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to develop a different search and optimization algorithm, known as Cellular Genetic Algorithm (CGA), which considers the laminate thickness, angle of fiber orientation and the fiber material as discrete variables. This CGA has been successfully applied to obtain the optimal fiber orientation, thickness and material lay-up for multi-layered composite hybrid beams plates and shells subjected to static buckling and dynamic constraints.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2016

Among the lithium metal oxides for hybrid-capacity, $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}(LTO)$ is an emerging electrode material as zero-stain material in volume change during the with the charging and discharging processes. However, LTO has a limitation of low ionic and electronic conductivity. To enhance the ionic and electronic properties of $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}(LTO)$, we synthesized the spherical LTO/CNT composite by sol-gel process for hybrid capacitors. CNT interconnection networks between CNT-LTO particles enhanced electronic conductivity and electrochemical charging/discharging properties. All of the LTO samples was observed to show the spinel structure and spherical morphology with the diameter of $5{\sim}10{\mu}m$. Especially, spherical LTO/CNT composite of the CNT-3 wt% showed the enhanced capacity from 110 mAh/g to 140 mAh/g at 10 C.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1501-1510
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• 2015

The frequency selective surface (FSS) embedded hybrid composite materials have been developed to provide excellent mechanical and specific electromagnetic properties. Radar absorbing structures (RASs) are an example material that provides both radar absorbing properties and structural characteristics. The absorbing efficiency of an RAS can be improved using selected materials having special absorptive properties and structural characteristics and can be in the form of multi-layers or have a certain stacking sequence. However, residual stresses occur in FSS embedded composite structures after co-curing due to a mismatch between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the FSS and the composite material. In this study, to develop an RAS, the thermal residual stresses of FSS embedded composite structures were analyzed using finite element analysis, considering the effect of stacking sequence of composite laminates with square loop (SL) and double square loop (DSL) FSS patterns. The FSS radar absorbing efficiency was measured in the K-band frequency range of 21.6 GHz. Residual stress leads to a change in the deformation of the FSS pattern. Using these results, the effect of transmission characteristics with respect to the deformation on FSS pattern was analyzed using an FSS Simulator.

• Composites Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.14-18
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• 2014

탄소섬유 복합재료는 내열성 및 우수한 기계적 특성을 가지고 있는 우수한 재료이지만 가격이 비싼 결점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 높은 기계적 강도를 가지며, 가격이 비싸지 않은 재료의 개발을 위해 탄소섬유에 현무암 섬유를 첨가하여 하이브리드 복합재료를 제작하였다. 현무암 섬유의 함유 비율이 높아질수록 강도는 감소하였으며, 탄소의 강화재 비율이 80% 정도에서 CFRP와 유사한 강도를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 섬유 각각을 적층하여 복합재료를 제작하는 것 보다 섬유사를 혼합시켜 제작한 복합재료에서 더 우수한 기계적 특성을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.17-33
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture toughness of dental composite resins and to investigate the filler factor affecting the fracture behaviour on which the degree of fracture toughness depends. Six kinds of commercially available composite resin;, including two of each macrofilled, microfilled, and hybrid type were used for this study, The plane strain fracture toughness ($K_{10}$) was determined by three-point bending test using the single edge notch specimen according to the ASTM-E399. The specimens were fabricated with visible light curing or self curing of each composite resin previously inserted into a metal mold, and three-point bending test was conducted with cross-head speed of 0.1mm/min following a day's storage of the specimens in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water. The filler volume fractions were determined by the standard ashing test according to the ISO-4049. Acoustic Emission(AE), a nondestructive testing method detecting the elastic wave released from the localized sources In material under a certain stress, was detected during three-point bending test and its analyzed data was compared with, canning electron fractographs of each specimen. The results were as follows : 1. The filler content of composite resin material was found to be highest in the hybrid type followed by the macrofilled type, and the microfilled type. 2. It was found that the value of plane strain fracture toughness of composite resin material was in the range from 0.69 MPa$\sqrt{m}$ to 1 46 MPa$\sqrt{m}$ and highest In the macrofilled type followed by the hybrid type, and the microfilled type. 3. The consequence of Acoustic Emission analysis revealed that the plane strain fracture toughness increased according as the count of Acoustic Emission events increased. 4. The higher the plane strain fracture toughness became, the higher degree of surface roughness and irregularity the fractographs demonstrated.

• Composites Research
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2018

다양한 산업군에서 복합재료를 적용한 제품개발을 진행하고 있는 상황이며, 재활용이 가능한 장점으로 인해 열가소성 복합재료에 대한 개발이 활발하다. 장섬유 강화 열가소성 플라스틱(Long fiber thermoplastic, LFT)의 형태도 있지만, 연속섬유를 이용한 열가소성 복합재료(Continuous fiber thermoplastic, CFT)에 대한 활용도 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CFT를 제작할 때 사용되는 강화섬유의 제직 패턴에 따른 영향으로 CFT의 인장, 굴곡, 충격 강도의 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 복합재료의 물성이 강화섬유의 제직 패턴에 의해 달라지는 원인을 기계적인 물성으로도 평가하였고, CT 촬영기법을 이용하여 내부 기공발생과 섬유 제직패턴과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. CFT의 경우 열가소성 필름이 섬유 로빙 내로 함침되는 수준이 낮기 때문에, 공극의 발생률이 높은 문제가 있다. 섬유 로빙과 로빙사이의 계면이 $100{\mu}m$ 수준으로 조밀하게 형성될 수 있는 평직 섬유 패턴이 CFT의 성형성 및 기계적 물성을 안정화시키는 강화섬유의 조직임을 검증하였다.

• Composites Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 1999

다양한 형상 및 경계조건을 갖는 적층 복합재료 및 혼합적층 복합재료 판의 자유진동해석을 위한 실험적 연구결과에 대하여 고찰하였다. 실험에 사용한 판의 재료는 탄소섬유강화(CFRP), 유리섬유강화(GFRP) 복합재료, 알루미늄-GFRP, CFRP-GFRP 혼합적층 복합재료이다. 충격해머와 가속도계를 이용한 충격가진법을 통하여 판의 고유진동수 및 노달패턴을 얻었고, 결과는 무차원화된 진동수매개변수로 제시하였다. 복합재료의 물성, 적층강도, 판의 기하학적 형상과 경계조건 등이 복합재료 판의 진동특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가하였다. 실험결과의 비교/검증을 위하여 유한요소해석을 수행하였고, 서로 잘 일치함을 보였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2012

Tribological properties of hybrid type friction materials were studied. Hybrid friction materials were produced by combining non-steel(NS) and low-steel(LS) type friction materials. The emphasis of the investigation was given to possible synergistic effects from the two different friction materials, in terms of friction stability at high temperatures and the amplitude of friction oscillation, also known as stick-slip at low sliding speeds. The high temperature friction test results showed that the friction effectiveness of the hybrid friction material was well sustained compared to LS and NS friction materials. Wear resistance of the hybrid type was similar to LS friction materials. Examination of the rubbing surfaces after tests revealed that the friction characteristics of the hybrid friction material were attributed to the wear debris produced from low-steel friction materials, which were migrated to the surface of the non-steel friction material, forming new contact plateaus. The stick-slip amplitude and its frequency were pronounced when non-steel friction material was tested, while hybrid and low-steel types showed relatively small stick-slip amplitudes. These results suggest possible improvement of tribological properties by designing a hybrid composite of low-steel and non-steel friction materials.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2002

This paper describes the effect of loading rate, specimen geometries and material properties for Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of hybrid composite by using end notched flexure(ENF) specimen. In the range of loading rate 0.5~2mm/min, there is found to be no significant effect of loading rate with the value of critical energy release rate( $G_{IIc}$). there is no dependence of the interlaminar fracture energy upon the specimen width over the specimen widths examined. The value of $G_{IIc}$ for variation of initial crack length are nearly similiar values when material properties are CF/CF and GF/GF, however, the value of $G_{IIc}$ are highest with the increasing intial crack length at CF/GF. The values of $G_{IIc}$ for variation material properties are higher with the increasing moulding pressure when moulding pressures are 307, 431, 585㎪. The SEM photographs show good fiber distribution and interfacial bonding of hybrid composites when the moulding is the CF/GF.e CF/GF.