• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.68-91
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to create modern patterns based on considering the types and design elements of Joseon hwapo patterns containing Korean identity, and to develop costume designs by applying design elements of traditional Korean dress, Hanbok. These designs combine traditional costumes with modern sensibility using the attribute listing method, and present them using a 3D virtual clothing program. Through this, it is meaningful as it organizes data on Joseon hwapo patterns, which were rarely dealt with in the traditional Korean costume research, and it is also of research value as it is a work that utilizes Joseon hwapo patterns as a new source of fashion design development. As a research method, literature research was conducted based on the documents, 'Nabeshima-sarasa hidensho', 'Nabeshima-sarasa mihoncho', and 'Zoho kafu benran', which are related to Joseon hwapo remaining in Japan. Based on the literature research, research was performed by creating pattern design and costume design using the attribute listing method, and 3D virtual clothing. Traditional Korean costumes used in design development in this study were saekdong-jeogori, dolddi-jeogori, magoja, hongjangsam, durumagi, jungdan, gollyongpo, jeogui, breast band, mujigi-chima, chima, and baji. Further, accessories used in each costume, such as pyeseul, daedae, hapi, and jeonhaeng-utchima, and features of configurations, such as yongbo, chest ribbons, band hem, gusset, collar and dongjung, heorimalgi, neckline, and sapok line, were used for design development.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1B
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

A wetland is an ecosystem which has high species diversity, rich nutritional substances and high productivity. In this study we used the HGM(Hydrogeomorphic) approach among various evaluation models for the assessment of the Hwapo riverine wetland function. HGM is a method which estimates the functional index of a study wetland by comparing it with a reference wetland. In this study the Woopo wetland which is registered in the Ramsar Convention was selected as a reference wetland to assess the functional index of the Hwapo wetland. As the results, we obtained the functional index values over 0.6 for most indices of the Hwapo riverine wetland. Therefore we found that the Hwapo riverine wetland shows relatively high functional index values comparing with the Woopo wetland and it has valuable hydrological, biochemical, plant habitat, and animal habitat functions.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.445-452
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• 2020

Tributary is a part of life space for people and a very important place that accommodates rest recreation and other daily activities. absolutely insufficient basic data about water quality and flow rate are available for basin management. Efficient water and basin management systems, which are also supported by local residents can be established by securing such basic data of major tributaries in the Nakdong river system. In this study, the fluctuation characteristics of upstream and downstream water pollution levels were compared using the measurement results of the water environment measurement network and the tributary monitoring project for the gyeseong-stream and Hwapo-stream in the Nakdong-miryang watershed. In 2017, when water pollution is the highest, it was confirmed that the annual average rainfall was the lowest. Although the upstream and downstream water quality tendencies of the Gyeseong-stream are similar, the water quality concentrations of the Gyeseong-stream are relatively different. But although the Hwapo stream has various causes of pollution, there was not much difference in the level of pollution between the upper and lower streams. In addition, both rivers need the ability to purify rivers by securing sufficient water for river maintenance, and if the correlation between water quality items can be inferred through continuous monitoring of tributaries where the aspect of water quality change is unclear, water quality management Determined to be efficient operation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.77-91
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to define the species composition of the soil seed banks at major wetlands in Nakdong river basin and central korea and to investigate how soil seed banks relate to aboveground vegetation and soil texture. In 2005, we sampled seed banks at Baksil reservoir, Jillal marsh, Deapyeng marsh, Hwapo marsh, Upo marsh and Junam reservoir in Nakdong river basin and Osan stream and Amsa-dong in Seoul. The soil seeds were estimated with the emergence method from April to October. Total numbers of species at the seed banks were 33 at Baksil, 18 at Daepyeong, 35 at Jillal, 56 at Upo, 32 at Hwapo, 47 at Osan stream, 54 at Amsa waterside, 31 at Amsa meadow. The species diversity in the soil seed banks of Upo marsh was the highest as 0.95. The community overlap index that compares aboveground with underground vegetation is high in the Upo marsh (0.34), Jilla marsh (0.36), and Osan stream (0.27). Soil texture affected distribution of 8 species, Lindernia procumbens, L. attenuata, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Juncus effusus, Persicaria thunbergii, Eragrostis multicaulis, Cyperus nipponicus, Scirpus fluviatilis. Considering the social and cultural values, soils at Amsa meadow, Hwapo marsh and Osan stream have worth to use for wetland restoration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 2003

Vegetation structure was investigated in the Hwapo wetland around the Nakdong-gang, Gimhae-city, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from May to August, 2001. The vegetation type was classified into 18 communities based on the actual vegetation map: Phragmites communis community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Salix nipponica community, Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea community, Zizania latiofolia community, Cyperus amuricus community, Spirodela polyrhiza community, Trapa japonica community, Phragmites communis-Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Salix nipponiaz-Misaznthus sacchariflorus community, Cyperus amuricus-Acorus calamus var. angustatus community, Salvinia natans community, Hydrilla verticillata-Spirodela polyrhiza community, Persiazria maackiana community, Trapa japonica-Salvinia natans community, Hydrilla verticillata community, Potamogeton crispus community, and Populus deltoides community. Among them, Phragmites communis community was the largest (34.9 ha, 29.53%). The dominant vegetation type was Persiazria hydropiper - Persicaria maackiana community based on the phytosociological method, and it was classified into four subcommunities: Phalaris arundinacea-Salix nipponica subcommunity, Miscanthus sacchariflorus subcommunity, Phragmites communis subcommunity, and Spirodela polyrhiza subcommunity, and Acorus calamus var. angustatus group belongs to Miscanthus sacchariflorus subcommunity.

• Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.304-315
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• 2018

Located in Gimhae, Hwapo is the biggest riverine wetland in the province of Gyeongsangsam-do, Korea, and is a major habitat for various species. However, it is suspected that various pollutants enter the wetlands from agricultural and industrial areas. This study identifies major organic pollutants in this wetland and their sources using high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry during one summer season. Forty-five substances were selected for quantitative analysis using target screening, and other non-selected compounds were screened using suspect and non-target screening methods. The results were that 21 and 17 targeted substances were detected in July and August, respectively. Major pollutants in July and August were oxadiazon (July: 17-220 ng/L, August: 66-460 ng/L), carbendazim (July: 10-110 ng/L, August: 64-520 ng/L), caffeine (July: 33-1,100 ng/L, August: 56-580 ng/L), and niflumic acid (July: 23-75 ng/L, August: 42-290 ng/L). Sampling sites S4 in July and S2 in August were the major inflow points. Ten substances (tricyclazole, hexaconazole, diuron, fexofenadine, irbesartan, simetryn, cimetidine, valsartan, tebuconazole, and benzotriazole) and four metabolites (valsartan acid, azoxystrobin acid, TEB_M324c, and 2-aminobenzimidazole) were tentatively identified through suspect and non-target screening, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.164-183
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• 2020

In the textile culture of the Joseon Dynasty, the historic record of Banpo is fragmentary and contains many missing details. The main reason is a lack of associated literature, and it is also significant that the actual substance used is not clear at present. Banpo is a kind of cotton, but this has not been confirmed in the traditional textiles that are currently handed down. The word Ban [斑] in Banpo means "stain", and the letter Po [布] means "fabric". At the border of white discourse, Banpo did not receive attention as a research topic. This study is an attempt to restore some of the textile culture of the Joseon Dynasty through Banpo. Banpo is not just limited to the Joseon Dynasty; it is an important material for examining the development of textile culture and exchange in East Asia. This study was broadly divided into three parts. First, the record and meaning of Banpo during the Joseon Dynasty were examined. Records of Banpo can be seen from the early Joseon period during King Sejo and Seongjong, and the production and actual use of Banpo have been confirmed. Banpo was maintained until the beginning of the 20^th century, but is no longer observed. Banpo is a woven fabric made of cotton yarn dyed in many colors and has appeared in Southeast Asia since ancient times. In East Asia, there are other fabrics similar to Banpo, such as Ho [縞], Sum [纖], and Chim [綅]. In particular, the correlation between Banpo and Ho is an important link in understanding Banpo in the Joseon Dynasty. Second, the meaning of Banpo was examined from various angles through comprehensive analysis of Chinese and Japanese literature records and cases. The appearance and development of Banpo moved in sync with the period when cotton was introduced into East Asia. In East Asia, cotton was introduced and produced in earnest from the end of the Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and the meaning of Banpo was diversified. In China, the name of Banpo was changed to Hwapo [花布], Gizapo [碁子布], Gizahwapo [棋子花布], etc. Japan was late to introduce cotton and developed it in acceptance of the changed meaning. In Japan, use of the name Banpo is not on record, but a Ryujo [柳條] fabric of the same type as banpo has been identified. This Ryujo is the same concept as Ho and Hwapo, and later merged into Ho. Names such as Ho, Hwapo, Banpo, etc. were used differently in each country, but the form was shared across East Asia. Third, based on the meaning of Banpo shared in East Asia, the format of Banpo in the Joseon Dynasty was classified. The format of Banpo in the Joseon Dynasty can be divided into grid and striped versions. The name Banpo disappeared over time, but the form remained and was passed down until recently. I hope that this study will help restore Banpo in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2012

This study was aimed to analyze the water quality characteristics of the Hwapocheon Stream and to be utilized in the further related research. Water in the upper stream became a dammed pool due to the existence of 14 weirs, and pollutants such as both sewage and irrigation water were introduced into the mainstream passing through farming settlements and agricultural land. For these reasons, filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.) bloomed at the bottom of the dammed pool. Also in the midstream and downstream, tributaries with high pollutant concentrations [e.g., Comocheon (T3) and Yongdeokcheon (T8)] were inflowed, and had a negative impact on water quality of the mainstream, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. In the Hwapocheon Stream, dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased, and suspended solid (SS) increased toward the downstream. The result showed that hydraulic retention time, SS, COD, and concentration of $NH_4{^+}$ were important water quality factors of the Hwapocheon Stream. The high concentration of benthic organic matter and rich in attached algae in the core of Hwapo-wetland were expected to give impact on the water quality of the mainstream. In the spatial manner, water quality showed increasing trend in the weir zone, and it was constant or decreased trend in wetland. In the seasonal manner, the nutrient concentrations were high in the winter dry season, however, the organic matter concentrations were high in spring and summer. Generally, the concentrations of phytoplankton value were $40{\mu}g\;chl-{\alpha}/L$ or less in all reaches except for the high concentrations in the weir and wetland area in June.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.364-372
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• 2020

The "Master Plan for the Revitalization of Water in the Nakdong River" is designed for the fundamental improvement of water quality in the Nakdong River. The water quality and flow of the Nakdong River system tributaries was monitored in this study. Among the living environmental standard parameters of 195 rivers, BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand), T-P (Total phosphorus) and TOC (Total organic carbon) were assessed to analyze the water quality from 2012 to 2019. We examined the role of TOC. It was found that 12 rivers exceeded the water quality of the second grade (3.0 mg/L BOD standard, 0.1 mg/L T-P standard, 4.0 mg/L TOC standard) based on BOD and T-P concentrations: the Gumi stream, Gisegok stream, Yongha stream, Yongho stream, Changnyeong stream, Gajwa stream, Gwangok stream, Yeongsan stream, Toerae stream, Hwapo stream, Sangnam stream and Hogye stream. These rivers require strategies to improve the quality of the Nakdong River. Based on the ongoing project, it is possible to supplement the "Master Plan for the Revitalization of Water in the Nakdong River" and manage it after verifying it as a component of people's life and therefore used to establish water quality control measures.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2007

Investigation of carabid beetles as on ecological indicator species for wetland characterization and monitoring was conducted in three types of wetlands such as emergent wetland, forested wetland, and estuary, During the investigation period, twenty-eight species belonging to twenty-two genera and three families(Carabidae, Harpalidae, Brachinidae) were identified. The diversity of carabid beetles at riverine wetland such as Woopo (H'=1.18) and Hwapo-neup (H'=1.08) were higher than in the forested wetland (H'=1.03) and estuarine (H'=0.91). Species compositions in each wetland were significantly different(${\chi}^2=1716.8$, P<0.01). Riverine wetlands differed significantly from the forested wetland. Indicator species for the wetland chose with indicator species analysis were reacted sensitively on the parameter such as soil composition, moisture of soil, and environmental change. Thus, it was consequently suggested that these indicator species may be applied for wetland characterization and monitoring of the wetland ecosystem.