• 한국진공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.199-208
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• 1993

Si 기판 표면상태 변화와 관련된 핵생성 자유에너지 증가에 따른 다이아몬드 박막성장 거동을 관찰하였다. 표면 염마조건 변화에 따른 3가지 기판(A-Si, B-Si, C-Si)위에 동일한 성장조건으로 다이아몬드를 성장하였으며, 이때 형상인자와 관련된 자유에너지 관계는 ${\Delta}G_{A-Si}<{\Delta}G_{B-Si}<{\Delta}G_{C-Si}$이다. AES, SEM, XRD, RHEED에 의해 각각의 박막 A, B, C를 조사한 결과, 핵생성 자유에너지가 가장 적은 A 박막은 (100) (110) 면이 지배적인 고품위 다이아몬드 박막이다. 자유에너지가 A에 비해 다소 적은 B 박막은 (111) 면이 지배적인 8면체 다이아몬드 박막이고, 자유에너지가 자장 적은 C 박막은 흑연이 많이 함유된 구상의 다이아몬드이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.261-265
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• 1994

천연 생리활성물질의 개발과 수산미이용자원의 효율적 이용방안을 모색하기 위하여 별불가사리, 오징어먹즙, 성게껍질, 우렁쉥이 껍질, 구멍쇠미역, 산말, 모자반, 참빗풀 등을 대상으로 물, 에테르, 아세톤, 메탄올로 순차 용매추출하여 각 용매 추출구간별, 시료별 항균성을 검색하였다. 시료추출구간별 평균수율은 물 추출구, 에테르 추출구, 아세톤 추출구 및 메탄올 추출구에서 각각 20, 1.4, 2.8 및 1.1%로 나타나 물추출구의 수율이 가장 높았다. B. subtilis에 대한 항균력 검색 결과, 모자반 에테르 추출구와 메탄올 추출구에서 각각 MIC가 80 및 70 ${\mu}g/disk$로 나타나 비교적 강한 항균력을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. S. aureus에 대한 항균효과는, 모자반의 에테르 추출구, 아세톤 추출구 및 메탄올 추출구의 MIC가 각각 160, 180 및 70 ${\mu}g/disk$로 나타나 비교적 높은 항균성을 보였으며, 참빗풀의 에테르 추출구와 아세톤 추출구에서도 각각 MIC가 50 및 170 ${\mu}g/disk$로서 낮은 농도에서도 항균효과를 나타내었다. 추출구간별 항균효과를 보면, 비극성용매인 에테르 추출구에서 모든 시료의 MIC가 700 ${\mu}g/disk$ 이하로 나타나 에테르 추출구에 S. aureus에 대해 매우 강한 항균효과를 가지는 물질이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.622-626
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• 1991

2M의 AsA용액을 $85^{\circ}C$에서 일정시간 갈변반응시켜서 생성된 갈변물질의 항산화성을 조사하였다. pH를 조절치 않고 가열한 AsA용액(pH2.30)의 갈변반응물질은 AsA를 첨가치 않은 것에 비해 약간의 항산화 효과를 나타내었고 가열시간에 따라서 항산화력의 차이는 거의 나타나지 않았으며, AsA의 잔존량이 항산화력의 세기에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 2M의 AsA용액의 pH를 2.3, 4.0, 7.0, 9.0 및 11.5로 조절한 뒤 $85^{\circ}C$에서 15시간 가열시켜 생성된 갈변물질 중에서 pH2.3, 4.0의 경우는 항산화 효과가 거의 나타나지 않았으며 환원력과 AsA 잔존율은 높았으나 갈변도는 낮았다. 반면 pH7.0, 9.0 및 11.5의 경우는 매우 강한 항산화성을 가지고 있었으며, 이 AsA 갈변용액은 환원력과 AsA 잔존율은 낮았으나 갈변도는 높았다. AsA용액을 pH7.0으로 조절한 후 $85^{\circ}C$에서 0, 3, 5, 10, 15 및 25시간 동안 갈변시켜 얻은 갈변물질의 항산화성은 가열시간이 증가할수록 증가하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.486-491
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• 1987

고효율의 열발생장치인 열펌프중, 국내에서 이용중인 압축식 열펌프에 대해 성능시험 및 식품농축분야에 이용코자 실증시험을 하였다. 국내에서 $43^{\circ}C$의 온천수를 $51^{\circ}C$까지 가열하기 위해 설치, 운전중인 냉매압축식열펌프(프레온12, 150HP)의 성적계수는 가열측이 4.03, 냉각측이 3.5로 나타났으며, 압축기 효율(${\alpha}$)은 0.477이었다. 또, 압축식열펌프를 국산화하기 위해 개발된 10HP의 열펌프(프레온22)에서 시수를 $39^{\circ}C$까지 가열하는 경우의 성적계수는 가열측이 3.0, 냉각측이 1.87이었다. 원심식농축기(${\alpha}$-LAVAL, CT1B)에 열펌프를 부착한후 설탕물의 농축실험을 한 결과, 수증기 응축에 소비된 열량이 농축에 필요한 증발잠열보다 15%정도 많이 소비되었고, 총괄열전달계수는 $1196\;Kcal/m^{2}{\cdot}h{\cdot}^{\circ}C$이었다. 또, 열펌프에서 제조되는 $60^{\circ}C$와 $15^{\circ}C$의 물을 열원으로 하여 마늘추출액을 저온농축(증발온도 : $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$, 진공도 : $28{\sim}40$Torr)한 결과 농축에 소비된 열량과 수증기 응축열량과의 비는 0.961로 나타나 열펌프의 냉매 응축열과 증발열이 열수지 조절이 용이한 조건이었다. 따라서, 열펌프의 식품농축 분야에의 적용성은 매우 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.517-521
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• 2005

배 경 : 흉수에서 기질 금속단백분해효소(MMP)와 금속단백분해효소 조직억제제(TIMP)는 감염과 면역질환의 병인에 중요한 역할을 한다. 저자들은 삼출성 흉수에서 MMP-1과 TIMP-1의 발현에 대한 측정을 하였다. 방 법 : 결핵성 흉막염 33예, 악성흉수 17예, 심부전 또는 간경화 흉수환자 5예의 흉막천자액에서 세포분석, 생화학적 분석을 하였고, 효소면역측정방법으로 MMP-1과 TIMP-1(Biotrack$^{TM}$, Amersharm Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, FRG)를 측정하였다. 결 과 : 흉수 MMP-1은 결핵성 흉수(n=33, $12.1{\pm}8.8ng/mL$)가 악성 흉수(n=17, $4.8{\pm}4.0ng/mL$)나 누출액(n=5, $2.6{\pm}1.5ng/mL$)보다 높았다(p=0.002). 흉수 TIMP-1은 결핵성 흉수(n=23, $110.9{\pm}38.2{\mu}g/mL$)가 누출성 흉수(n=5, $53.7{\pm}21.8{\mu}g/mL$)보다 높았고(p=0.004), 악성 흉수(n=17, $90.2{\pm}39.8{\mu}g/mL$)도 누출성 흉수보다 높았으나(p=0.039), 결핵성 흉수와 악성 흉수는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.132). 결 론 : 흉수 MMP-1, TIMP-1는 결핵성 흉막염에서 심부전이나 간경화 흉수보다 높았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.244-249
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• 2008

Vascular inflammation is an important step in the development of cardiovascular disorder. Since it has not been known whether Korean red ginseng has a role to play on the vascular inflammation, we investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) on monocyte adhesion and its underlying signaling mechanism. Monocyte adhesion assay and Western blot were conducted on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells to study monocyte adhesion and the expression of adhesion molecules. Intracellular calcium was measured with Fura-2 fluorescent staining, and superoxide production was measured with lucigenin chemiluminescence in the endothelial cells. KRGE inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced monocyte adhesion on the endothelial cells at the range of $0.03{\sim}1$ mg/ml. TNF-alpha-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression were inhibited by the pretreatment of KRGE in the endothelial cells. KRGE also inhibits TNF-alpha-induced intracellular calcium and the superoxide production in the endothelial cells. This study first demonstrated that KRGE inhibits TNF-alpha-induced monocyte adhesion by inhibiting the adhesion molecule expression, intracellular calcium and superoxide production in the endothelial cells. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory function of KRGE may be contributed to protecting the endothelial dysfunction in the vascular inflammatory disorders.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.583-597
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• 1995

We investigated the effect of the oxygne partial pressure on the phase stability of B $i_{2}$S $r_{2}$Ca C $u_{2}$ $O_{8+x}$ and B $i_{2}$S $r_{2}$C $a_{2}$C $u_{3}$ $O_{10+x}$ at 82$0^{\circ}C$. As the oxygen pressure decreased, B $i_{2}$Sr/sb 2/CaC $u_{2}$ $O_{8+x}$ melted at 2.2$\times$10$^{-3}$ atm $O_{2}$. In the case of the B $i_{1.7}$P $b_{0.4}$S $r_{2}$C $a_{2}$ $O_{10+x}$, it started to decompose into theree phases of B $i_{2}$S $r_{2}$Cu $O_{6+y}$, $Ca_{2}$Cu $O_{3}$ and C $u_{4}$ $O_{3}$ and C $u_{4}$ $O_{3}$ at 8.0$\times$10$^{-3}$ atm $O_{2}$ and was completely decomposed at 4.3$\times$10$^{-3}$ atm $O_{2}$ B $i_{2}$S $r_{2}$C $a_{2}$C $u_{3}$ $O_{10+x}$ phase was not formed by the solid state reaction from the mixutre of $i_{2}$S $r_{2}$CaCu.sub 2/ $O_{8+x}$, $Ca_{2}$Cu $O_{3}$ and CuO down to 2.2$\times$10.sub -3/ atm O.sub 2/ but formed by the solidifciation of the formed from the mixture of the intermediate compounds in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system and the fromation temperature of Bi.sub 2/S $r_{2}$C $a_{2}$Cu.$_{3}$ $O_{10+x}$ can be lowered by reducing oxygen partial pressure.e.e.ure.e.e.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

We sought to find out the mechanism of vascular relaxation by extracellular $K^+$ concentration $([K^+]_o)$ in the cerebral resistant arteriole from rabbit. Single cells were isolated from the cerebral resistant arteriole, and using voltage-clamp technique barium-sensitive $K^+$ currents were recorded, and their characteristics were observed. Afterwards, the changes in membrane potential and currents through the membrane caused by the change in $[K^+]_o$ was observed. In the smooth muscle cells of cerebral resistant arteriole, ion currents that are blocked by barium, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and tetraethylammonium (TEA) exist. Currents that were blocked by barium showed inward rectification. When the $[K^+]_o$ were 6, 20, 60, and 140 mM, the reversal potentials were $-82.7{\pm}1.0,\;-49.5{\pm}1.86,\;-26{\pm}1.14,\;-5.18{\pm}1.17$ mV, respectively, and these values were almost identical to the calculated $K^+$ equilibrium potential. The inhibition of barium-sensitive inward currents by barium depended on the membrane potential. At the membrane potentials of -140, -100, and -60 mV, $K_d$ values were 0.44, 1.19, and 4.82 ${\mu}M,$ respectively. When $[K^+]_o$ was elevatedfrom 6 mM to 15 mM, membrane potential hyperpolarized to -50 mV from -40 mV. Hyperpolarization by $K^+$ was inhibited by barium but not by ouabain. When the membrane potential was held at resting membrane potential and the $[K^+]_o$ was elevated from 6 mM to 15 mM, outward currents increased; when elevated to 25 mM, inward currents increased. Fixing the membrane potential at resting membrane potential and comparing the barium-sensitive outward currents at $[K^+]_o$ of 6 and 15 mM showed that the barium- sensitive outward current increased at 15 mM $K^+.$ From the above results the following were concluded. Barium-sensitive $K^+$?channel activity increased when $[K^+]_o$ is elevated and this leads to an increase in $K^+-outward$ current. Consequently, the membrane potential hyperpolarizes, leading to the relaxation of resistant arteries, and this is thought to contribute to an increase in the local blood flow of brain.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2015

Nafamostat mesilate (NM) is a serine protease inhibitor with anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory effects. NM has been used in Asia for anticoagulation during extracorporeal circulation in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy and extra corporeal membrane oxygenation. Oxidative stress is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease and is associated with vascular endothelial function. We investigated whether NM could inhibit endothelial dysfunction induced by tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$ ). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with TNF-${\alpha}$ for 24 h. The effects of NM on monocyte adhesion, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein expression, p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and intracellular superoxide production were then examined. NM ($0.01{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect HUVEC viability; however, it inhibited the increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and p66shc expression elicited by TNF-${\alpha}$ (3 ng/mL), and it dose dependently prevented the TNF-${\alpha}$ -induced upregulation of endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. In addition, it mitigated TNF-${\alpha}$ -induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and the adhesion of U937 monocytes. These data suggest that NM mitigates TNF-${\alpha}$ -induced monocyte adhesion and the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and that the anti-adhesive effect of NM is mediated through the inhibition of p66shc, ROS production, and p38 MAPK activation.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2017

Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the change in marker compounds, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of salt-water processed Cortex Eucommiae. Methods To evaluate the influence of processing on anti-oxidant effect of Cortex Eucommiae, changes in total phenol, total flavonoid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) between processed and raw Cortex Eucommiae were assessed. In addition, nitrite assay was conducted to determine the influence of processing on anti-inflammatory effect of Cortex Eucommiae. Cell viability was also examined as to elucidate whether processing affects cytotoxicity of Cortex Eucommiae. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was conducted to monitor changes in pinoresinol diglucoside amount of processed and raw Cortex Eucommiae. Results Salt-water processed Cortex Eucommiae showed higher total phenol and flavonoid amount, compared to raw Cortex Eucommiae. Furthermore, anti-oxidative activity of processed Cortex Eucommiae was improved as discovered in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Anti-inflammatory effect of Cortex Eucommiae was also enhanced following salt-water processing, as evidenced in nitrite assay. HPLC analysis found that the amount of pinoresinol diglucoside, widely known as the marker compound of Cortex Eucommiae, increases through salt-water processing. All experiments were performed with non-toxic concentration of Cortex Eucommiae; processing did not affect the cytotoxicity of Cortex Eucommiae up to the currently adopted concentration. Conclusions The present results support that salt-water processing of Cortex Eucommiae is beneficial in terms of marker compound amount, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Additional investigations are needed to standardize the processing method of Cortex Eucommiae.