• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 1996

Background : Eosinophilic leukocytes are prominent cellular participants in the pathogenesis of allergic disease and asthma. Chemotaxis is still a very useful method in evaluating the response of human eosinophil to novel modulators. Degranulated mast cells and activated T lymphocytes are responsible for the pathophysiology of asthma and tryptase is one of most important proteases released after activation of mast cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the actions of trypsin and chymotrypsin on eosinophils in terms of chemotaxis and activation. Method : Eosinophils were isolated by negative immunoselection from the peripheral blood of atopic donors. Chemotaxis was studied by using micro-Boyden chambers and ECP release was assayed by fluoroimmunoassay. Results : Eosinophil showed a chemotactic response to trypsin. Maximal chemotactic response was with $1000{\mu}g/ml$ trypsin ($56.52{\pm}14.50$/HPF) which was comparable to PAP. But chymotrypsin showed no significant chemotactic response to eosinophils. Trypsin at the concentration of 10, 100, $1000{\mu}g/ml$ induced secretion of ECP, which at the concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ represented about 2.7 times of the spontaneous rate of release. Soybean protease inhibitor reduced trypsin induced ECP release. Conclusion : Trypsin can induce chemotactic response to eosinophils and activation of eosinophils that can induce secretion of ECP. On the contrary, chymotrypsin showed no direct effect on eosinophils. We propose a role of trypsin on the chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 2009

Samsoeum (SSE) is used in traditional oriental medicine for various medicinal purposes. However, the exact mechanism that accounts for the anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory effects of the SSE is still not fully understood. The aim of the present study is to elucidate whether and how SSE modulates the allergic reactions in vivo, and inflammatory reaction in vitro. In this study, we showed that SSE significantly decreased compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis, ear-swelling response, histamine release from preparation of rat peritoneal mast cells and anti-dinitropheny IgE-induced passive cutaneous reaction. Also, SSE inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokine and cyclooxygenase-2 in PMA plus A23187-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1). In addition, we showed that anti-inflammatory mechanism of SSE is through suppression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activation and $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ phosphorylation/degradation in HMC-1. These results provided new insight into the pharmacological actions of SSE as a potential molecule for therapy of inflammatory allergic diseases.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2011

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease that is associated with Th2 cell-mediated allergy. The process that leads to infiltration of inflammatory cells into an AD lesion is remarkably dependent on various chemokines, especially TARC (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17) and MDC (macrophage-derived chemokine/CCL22). Serum levels of these chemokines are over-expressed in AD patients. Citrus unshiu, which is known as Satsuma mandarin, has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammation, and anti-microviral activity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of EtOH extract of premature C. unshiu on AD. We did this using a DNCB-induced AD mouse model. We also tried to confirm an inhibitory effect for premature C. unshiu on the expression of inflammatory chemokines in IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ stimulated HaCaT human keratinocytes. We found that extract of premature C. unshiu reduced DNCB-induced symptoms such as hyperkeratosis, increased skin thickness, and infiltrated mast cells, in our AD-like animal model. The extract decreased levels of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-4 in ConA-stimulated splenocytes isolated from DNCB-treated mice. Also, extract of premature C. unshiu inhibited mRNA expression and protein production of TARC and MDC through the inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation. These results suggest that C. unshiu has anti-atopic activity by regulating inflammatory chemokines such as TARC and MDC.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.31-48
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• 2004

Objective : KagamJwagwiEum(KJE) has been used for the purpose of prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma and allergic asthma in Korea. To investigate the biological effect of KJE, the author examined cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokines secretion with human leukemic mast cell line, HMC-1. Methods: HMC-1 was stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187. KJE by itself had no effect on viability of HMC-l. The effects of KJE on the secretion of tumor necrosis $factor-alpha(TNF-{\alpha})$, interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-8 from HMC-1 were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results : KJE inhibited PMA plus A23187-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion. But KJE had no effect IL-8 secretion: KJE had immunoregulatory effects on cytokines, increased secretion of NO and $TNF-{\alpha}$ but did not effect IL-12 secretion when the cells were primed and trigged with $IFN-{\gamma}$ in the peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions : Taken together, these results suggest that KJE inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines in HMC-1 cells and activate macrophages.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.273-277
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• 2011

This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of natural herbal extracts including Houttuynia cordata and Eucommia ulmoides against human mast cell (HMC-1). Houttuynia cordata (HC) and Eucommia ulmoides(EU) were extracted with distilled water (at $75^{\circ}C$) and then freeze-dried for 5 days. Finally, the mixture of HC and EU were sterilized by ${\gamma}$-rays irradiation. Cytotoxicity of the mixture against HMC-1 cell was measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. In addition, inflammatory mediator cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 were evaluated by ELISA kit on the HMC-1 cells with calcimycin A23187 and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The results showed that mixture of HC and EU had no cytoxicity and reduced TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 response on HMC-1 cells.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2012

This study confirmed the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of natural herbal extracts (HE) including Eucommia ulimoides and Ulmus davidiana against human mast cell (HMC-1). HE was extracted with distilled water (at $75^{\circ}C$) and then freeze-dried for 5 days. Finally, the HE was sterilized by gamma radiation with $^{60}Co$ ${\gamma}$ source at room temperature. Cytotoxicity of the HE against HMC-1 cell was measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 were evaluated by ELISA kit on the HMC-1 cells with calcimycin A23187 and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The results showed that HE had no toxicity and reduced $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8 response on HMC-1 cells.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.81-114
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Jeseupwiryeongtang-gagam(JWTG) on atopic dermatitis by in vivo experiment using NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, which has histological and clinical similarities to the atopic dermatitis of human. Methods : To investigate the effect of JWTG on AD, we evaluated atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by clinical skin index and analyzed immunological parameters in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), splenocytes, draining lymph node(DLN) and performed skin histology in ears and dorsal skin of atopic dermatitis-like skin NC/Nga mouse in vivo. Results and Conclusions : In vivo, clinical skin severity score were significantly lower in JWTG group than control group. IgE, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b levels in serum were decreased remarkably in JWTG group than control group and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production, secreted in Th1 cell were increased by JWTG. After experiment ended, we analyzed immunological cells ($CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3^+$$CD69^+$, $CD4^+$$CD25^+$ and $CD49b^+$) by flow cytometry. It resulted that total absolute number of $CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cells were recovered as normal and $CD3^+$$CD69^+$ were decreased significantly compared with control group in isolated DLN and PBMCs from NC/Nga mouse and total absolute number of $Gr-1^+$, $CD11b^+$ and $CD3^+$ in dorsal skin of NC/Nga mouse were decreased by JWTG. We analyzed ear, DLN, and neck-back skin after biopsy and dyeing by hematoxyline/eosin(H&E) and toluidine staining (mast cells marker) and obtained results that JWTG were effective to histological symptoms (dermal and epidermal thickening, hyperkeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration). Ear thickness was decreased significantly than the control group and the size of inflammatory lymphocytes cells(ILC) and plasma cells(PC) in DLN were also decreased.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.53-65
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• 2003

Although the effect of Bee Venom has been reported, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Nitric Oxide(NO) is one of the free radicals and mediates in inflammation diseases. Chemokines contribute to the pathogenesis of several disorders such as allergic rhinitis and rheumatoid arthritis and so on. The objective of this study was to investigate the scavenging effect of Bee Venom on NO and on expression of chemokine genes. There was no significant NO scavenging effect in Crude Bee Venom, Apamin, Melittin, and MCD-peptide. The expression of chemokines was examined by RT-PCR using the human mast cell line(HMC-1), which is known to secrete and express chemokines. In order to investigate the protective effect of Bee Venom, HMC-1 cells were incubated with pretreatment of Bee Venom for 24 hrs and stimulated with 1 uM calcium ionophore A23178 for 2 hrs. RT-PCR analyses of chemokine genes showed that expressions of RANTES and MCP-1 were increased compared to the calcium ionophore-only treated group. But IL-8 and MCP-3 did not express increasing effect compared to control group. This study may provide important basic data on the possibility of the clinical treatment of Bee Venom in inflammation diseases.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.516-522
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• 2016

Goat milk is highly nutritious and is consumed in many countries, but the development of functional foods from goat milk has been slow compared to that for other types of milk. The aim of this study was to develop a goat milk protein hydrolysate (GMPH) with enhanced digestibility and better hypoallergenic properties in comparison with other protein sources such as ovalbumin and soy protein. Goat milk protein was digested with four commercial food-grade proteases (separately) under various conditions to achieve the best hydrolysis of α_s -casein and β-lactoglobulin. It was shown that treatment with alcalase (0.4%, 60℃ for 30 min) effectively degraded these two proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE, measurement of nonprotein nitrogen content, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Hydrolysis with alcalase resulted in a significant decrease in β-lactoglobulin concentration (almost to nil) and a ~40% reduction in the level of α_s-casein. Quantification of histamine and TNF-α released from HMC-1 cells (human mast cell line) showed that the GMPH did not induce an allergic response when compared to the control. Hence, the GMPH may be useful for development of novel foods for infants, the elderly, and convalescent patients, to replace cow milk.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.33-44
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• 2012

Objectives : There is a pressing need to determine the clinical and scientific validity of herbal therapies for animal model with atopic dermatitis since some differences in systemic cytokine polarization between in animal model and in patients with atopic dermatitis has been reported. New studies for tang, medicinal herb itself or effective ingradients of medicinal herb showing anti-atopic dermatitis effectiveness are reviewed in terms of cytokine regulation. Methods : Those herbal therapies used to treat atopic dermatitis in animal model were introduced and the expression pattern of cytokine and the activity of mast cell were compared in both animal model and patients with atopic dermatitis. Results : In case of atopic dermatitis in human, there is a biphasic pattern of cytokine expression in atopic dermatitis, with acute skin inflammation associated with a predominance of IL-4 and IL-13 expression from Th2 cells, and chronic inflammation associated with increased IL-5 from Th2-cells and IFN-${\gamma}$ from Th1-cells. However, a pattern of cytokine expression in animal model with atopic dermatitis is not matched well to the biphasic pattern of cytokine expression in patients with atopic dermatitis. In addition, a kind of cytokine is different by animal model with atopic dermatitis. These differences would make herbal medicines, showing their effectiveness on atopic dermatitis, difficult to apply to patients with atopic dermatitis. Conclusion : The pattern of local cytokine expression plays an important role in modulating tissue inflammation, and in atopic dermatitis this pattern depends on the acuity or duration of the skin lesion. Thus, in order to develop medicinal herb itself or effective ingradients of medicinal herb showing anti-atopic dermatitis effectiveness, biphasic pattern of cytokine expression should be considered in animal model with atopic dermatitis.