• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1614-1625
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fish silage prepared from Indian oil sardines, Sardinella longiceps, as partial replacement of soybean meal as a sole source of protein for growing broiler chickens. The main objective of Experiment 1, an ileal digestibility assay, was to assess the nutritional value of fish silage compared with soybean meal for feeding broiler chickens. The two test ingredients, soybean meal and dried fish silage, were incorporated into semi-synthetic diets, as the only component containing protein. The ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids of fish silage were considerably higher than those of soybean meal (p<0.001). The lower digestibility of amino acids from soybean meal was related to the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors. Fish silage had higher levels of sulphur-containing amino acids than soybean meal. The objective of Experiment 2, a growth study, was to evaluate the effect of feeding fish silage on performance and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens raised under closed and open-sided housing systems. Four diets containing various levels of fish silage (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were evaluated. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of Experiment 2, 96 birds were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate meat quality characteristics. Housing type had significant effects on feed intake and body weight gain (p<0.01). Birds in the open-sided house consumed 4.7% less amount of feed and gained 10.6% less than their counterparts in a closed house. Birds in both houses fed diets containing 10 and 20% fish silage gained more than birds fed 30% fish silage. The current study produced evidence that fish silage can replace up to 20% of soybean meal in broiler diets without affecting either growth performance or the sensory quality of broiler meat.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2016

Thermal performance of wooden houses used by building materials effectively contributing to building energy saving has been improved. However, the performance was decreased to the condensation and mould growth from exterior wall because the moisture control was difficult to high insulation and airtightness. Therefore, the hygrothermal performance of exterior wall, that selected 5 types of wooden houses, evaluated using the hygrothermal simulation program: heat and moisture behavior, condensation and mould growth risk. Wooden houses were selected Rural houses standard plans '10 and '14, $2^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\times}6^{{\prime}{\prime}}$ type, EIFS and wood-based passive house. And the wall A, B, C, D and E were determined by layer component of each wall. The U-value of exterior wall are 0.171, 0.172, 0.221, 0.150, $0.079W/m^2K$. The OSB absolute water content of the wall A and C was exceeds the reference value of 20%, and it was confirmed that condensation occur at insulation material inner surface through the condensation evaluation in the winter. The wall D and E showed excellent results with condensation and water content evaluation compared to others. However, mould growth risk assessment in all five types of wall had have risk. We were determined that hygrothermal performance difference of exterior wall occur the difference in the layer structure rather than in thermal performance.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1045-1050
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• 2014

$N_2O$(Nitrous Oxide) is known as the third major GHG(Green House Gas) following $CO_2$(Carbon Oxide) and $CH_4$(Methane). The GWP(Global Warming Potential) factor of $N_2O$ is 310 times as large as that of $CO_2$ because $N_2O$ in the atmosphere is very stable, and it becomes a source of secondary contamination after photo-degradation in the stratosphere. Investigation on the cause of the $N_2O$ formation have been continuously reported by several researchers on power sources with continuous combustion form, such as a boiler. However, in the diesel engine, research on $N_2O$ generation which has effected from fuel components has not been conducted. Therefore, in this research, author has investigated about $N_2O$ emission rates which was changed by nitrogen and sulfur concentration in fuel on the diesel engine. The test engine was a 4-stroke direct injection diesel engine with maximum output of 12 kW at 2600rpm, and operating condition of that was set up at a 75% load. Nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in fuel were raised by using six additives : nitrogen additives were Pyridine, Indole, Quinoline, Pyrrol and Propionitrile and sulfur additive was Di-tert-butyl-disulfide. In conclusion, diesel fuels containing nitrogen elements less than 0.5% did not affect $N_2O$ emissions in the all concentrations and kinds of the additive agent in the fuel. However, increasing of the sulfur additive in fuel increased $N_2O$ emission in exhaust gas.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.673-679
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• 2012

Ten commercially available red pepper powders were investigated using photostimulated-luminescence (PSL), thermoluminescence (TL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses to confirm their irradiation status. The application of PSL, TL, and ESR analyses was also confirmed by in-house irradiation. In PSL-based screening, all samples gave negative photon counts (<700 PCs). The PSL calibration dose (1 kGy) showed a low sensitivity of 4 samples, while the others provided reliable screening results. TL glow curves demonstrated maximum peaks after $250^{\circ}C$ for the 6 samples; however 4 samples gave complex TL glow curves with maximum peaks in the range of $185-260^{\circ}C$ (radiation-specific), which could be the effect of an irradiated component in low concentration as the TL ratios of all samples were <0.1. Radiation-specific ESR features were absent in the all commercial samples. Variable irradiation detection properties were found; where the TL analysis showed the possible presence of an irradiated component in 4 samples requiring further monitoring and investigation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.133-148
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• 1995

This study was carried out to provide behavioral data for its planning and management of civic garden through the evaluation of user's motivation & satisfaction. The civic gardens around Seoul were surveyed. The site are located in Kwangtan-myeon, Sudong-myeon, Wonsam-myeon, Nam-myeon, Buknae-myeon, and Jumdong-myeon, A total of 244 questionnaires were completed by mail questionnaires. The results are as follows: 1. 82 percentage of users are in thirties or fourties most of them have children who go to the elementary school. 50 percentage of users are just typical house wifes. 74 percentage of users graduated form university. 60 percentage of users live in lofty apartment buildings. 2. As a result from factor analysis, their motivations are categorized into four fator groups.: 'to experience nature', 'weekend recreation', 'nostalgia', 'to provide their old parent's sparetime'. And their satisfactions are categorized into eleven fator groups.: 'psychological/intellectual component', 'recreational components', 'instruction/management', 'facility'. 'vegetable cultivation', 'social contact', 'crowing', 'aesthetic component', 'family contact', 'the terms of lease', 'visition time'. 3. The user of civic garden can be divided into four user groups by their motivation. CLUSTER1 can represent the user group who have motivations for 'leisure, relaxation'. They are considerably satisfied with all other factor 'opportunity of meeting new person'. CLUSTER2 at the age of 41 to 50 have motivation for 'health, nostalgia'. CLUSTER3 at the age of 31 to 40 have motivation for 'harvest, experiencing nature'. CLUSTER4 at the age of more than 51 want to let their parents enjoy their sparetime. They are dissatisfied with accessibility, amount of cultivation area, crowding and overall farm management. 4. The regression analysis was employed with predicting the overall satisfaction. The results of regression analysis showed that 69% of total variances was explained by six variables: The most effective variable is 'whether visiting on weekend or weekdays', the visitors on weekdays are far more satisfied than weekend visitors because of traffic congestion, and crowding. The second source of satisfactions are 'psychological/intellectual components', they are satisfied with 'family contact', 'the terms of lease' and 'instruction in farming' are sources of satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and finally 'aesthetic landscape' is the source of satisfaction. The second most important variable is psychological one. Even though the civic gardens were not well equipped, they liked the atmosphere of rural life, refreshness, nostalgia, satisfaction from cultivation plants, and sense of achievement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.117-130
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the 'sexy look' of the Paris Haute Couture evening dresses of the past 10 years from 2005 to 2014. The results are as follows: According to the occurrence frequency analysis of the fashion images of sexy look evening dress, the type of sexy look that appeared the most is the romantic sexy look, followed by erotic sexy look, ethnic sexy look, minimal sexy look and avant-garde sexy, respectively. According to the design component-specific analysis of evening dress for each Haute Couture house, 7 Haute Couture houses have used H-line silhouette over the past 10 years, each H-line silhouette being different. In terms of material, Valentino, Elie Saab, Givenchy, Chanel and Dior have shown a trend of favoring see-through material, Gaultier and Armani showed a lot to combine different materials. In terms of color, Valentino, Chanel, Dior, Gaultier, Armani have shown a general trend in the last 10 years to express sexy look by using attractive and mystical black tones, Elie Saab has shown skin color a lot by using brown family colors and Givenchy has used white family colors. According to the design components analysis for each sexy look fashion image, the H-line silhouette showed the most frequency to represent sexy looks. In terms of material, avant-garde sexy look, ethnic sexy look and minimal sexy look showed a lot to combine different materials to express sexy looks, but erotic sexy look and romantic sexy look are characterized by using thin see-through material. As for the color, black series has been most represented in the last 10 years for the Haute Couture evening dress sexy look.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.7-20
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• 2007

Bong-amsa Temple is a special temple in the custody of Jogye sect, a branch of Buddhism in Korea. Due to limited public access to this temple, its Geungnakjeon(paradise shrine) has been little known to outside. But it is known that the Geungnakjeon has been not yet explored from academic standpoints in terms of its historical establishment as well as applications, and it would be two-storied wooden pagoda or the like. In order to examine its historical establishment, this study investigated historical records related to Bong-amsa Temple and its intrinsic architectural style. As a result, it was estimated that the building was established around the transitional period ranging from the late Koryo dynasty to the early Joseon dynasty. And it was found that the Geungnakjeon is not the two-storied wooden pagoda, but the unique building including an incidental component called Chayanggan(遮陽間; a sort of stepped penthouse) in Korea. In order to examine its possible applications, this study compared this building with other Buddhist funeral articles in forms similar thereto, such as Buddhist pagoda(僧塔), sarira container(舍利器) and Gamnodo(甘露圖) which depicts Byeoknyeon Daeban(碧蓮臺畔; a palanquin carrying malignant spirit). Then, this study estimated its possible applications on the basis of relevant historical literatures. As a result, it was found that this building was used as Wondang(願堂; a sort of Buddhist prayer house) to wish royal family's going to Nirvana after death, and it was not Confucian-style architecture popularized in the era of Joseon dynasty, but Buddhist-style architecture built widely from the era of Koryo dynasty to the early Joseon dynasty.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.755-764
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• 2017

The current review seeks to highlight the concerns that have been raised on pre-slaughter stress, contributing factors and its consequent effects on cattle behavioural responses and the quality of beef; inter-linking the activities involved from birth to slaughter. Such information is crucial in light of the consumer concerns on overall animal welfare, quality of meat and food security. Slaughter animals are exposed to different conditions during production and transportation to abattoirs on a daily basis. However; the majority of studies that have been done previously singled out different environments in the meat production chain, while conclusions have been made that the welfare of slaughter animals and the quality of meat harvested from them is dependent on the whole chain. Behaviour is a critical component used to evaluate the animals' wellbeing and it has been reported to have an effect on product quality. Apart from the influence of on-farm, transportation and abattoir conditions, the genetic background of the animal also affects how it perceives and responds to certain encounters. Stress activates the animals' hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, triggering release of various stress hormones such as catecholamines and cortisol, thus glycogen depletion prior slaughter, elevated ultimate pH and poor muscle-meat conversion. Pre-slaughter stress sometimes results to cattle attaining bruises, resulting to the affected parts of the carcass being trimmed and condemned for human consumption, downgrading of the carcass and thus profit losses.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.561-564
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• 2009

In order to reduce damage from natural disasters, prevention activities through analysis and predicting based on meteorological factor and damage data is required. Other countries already have continuously studied on natural disasters and developed reducing disasters damage. But the risk assessment model for natural disaster is not to Korea. Therefore, a previous model of hurricane, Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model(FPHLM), is the basis and is applying to domestic situation. Accordingly, this study introduces the variables selecting process because input variables should be selected under Korea present state and be used. The estimating representative damage method would be necessary along with selecting housing types representing relevant areas because estimating damage amount of all over relevant areas housing was very hard during damage estimating process. But there is no exact representative housing types in the Korea. Therefore, we select housing types applicable to risk assessment model for natural disasters representing the Korea through previous studies and literature reviews. We using ASCE 7-98(Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, 1998) standard which estimated wind load using 3-second gust. ASCE 7-98 divided Main Wind Force Resistance System(MWFRS) and Component and Cladding(C&C) and it estimated wind load. Therefore, we estimate wind load affected by 3-second gust of a typhoon Maemi through calculating wind load process using selected representative detached house types in the process of selecting input variables for previous disaster predict model. The result of houses damage amount is about 230 hundred million won. This values are limit the 1-story detached dwelling, 19~29pyeong(62.81~95.56 $m^2$) of total area and flat roof. Therefore, this process is possible application to other type houses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.314-321
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• 2008

Acaricidal effects of materials derived from Diospyros kaki roots against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus were assessed using impregnated fabric disk bioassay and compared with that of the commercial benzyl benzoate. The observed responses varied according to dosage and mite species. The $LD_{50}$ values of the chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots were 1.66 and $0.96{\mu}g/cm^2$ against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. The chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots was approximately 15.2 more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae, and 7.6 times more toxic against D. pteronyssinus. Purification of the biologically active constituent from D. kaki roots was done by using silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the acaricidal component was analyzed by GC-MS, $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR,\;^1H-^{13}C$ COSY-NMR, and DEPT-NMR spectra, and identified as plumbagin. The acaricidal activity of plumbagin and its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone) was examined. On the basis of $LD_{50}$ values, the most toxic compound against D. farinae was naphthazarin $(0.011{\mu}g/cm^2)$ followed by plumbagin $(0.019{\mu}g/cm^2),$ 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone $(0.079{\mu}g/cm^2)$, dichlon $(0.422{\mu}g/cm^2)$, and benzyl benzoate $(9.14{\mu}g/cm^2)$. Additionally, the skin color of the dust mites was changed from colorless-transparent to dark brown-black by the treatment of plumbagin. Similar results have been exhibited in its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, and 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone). In contrast, little or no discoloration was observed for benzyl benzoate. From this point of view, plumbagin and its derivatives can be very useful for the potential control agents, lead compounds, and indicator of house dust mites.