• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.236-239
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• 2010

Hot tub lung is a lung disorder associated with exposure to hot tub water contaminated with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Although its pathogenesis remains unclear, it may be considered hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) rather than an infectious disease. We report a case which fulfilled the current diagnostic criteria of hot tub lung. A patient had worked as a cleaner in the public bath for approximately one year and presented with dyspnea for over one month. The computed tomographic finding of bilateral ground glass attenuation and pathologic finding of granulomatous inflammation were consistent with HP. MAC was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and hot tub water. After corticosteroid treatment without antimycobacterial medication, the patient improved and there has been no recurrence. The patient has since discontinued working in the public bath.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2009

Hot tub lung has been described as a pulmonary illness associated with exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria,mainly hot bathtub water contaminated with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and hence the name. Although not entirely clear, its etiology has been thought to involve either an infection or a hypersensitivity pneumonitis secondary to MAC. Herein, we describe 2 female patients (60 and 53 years old) admitted to our hospital with hot tub lung, and both of whom worked in a public bath. Both women were initially admitted following several months of exertional dyspnea and cough. The patients had been working as body-scrubbers in a public bath for several years. Their chest CT scans showed bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities with multifocal air-trappings and poorly defined centrilobular nodules in both lungs. Pathological findings from lung specimens revealed small non-necrotizing granuloma in the lung parenchyme with relatively normal-looking adjacent alveoli. Discontinuation of working in the public bath led to an improvement in symptoms and radiographic abnormalities, without antimycobacterial therapy.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2008

Hot water is used by having a wash, dishes, taking tub and drinking water in residential buildings, and the use objective is to raise comfort of human body sense, washing and sterilization effect and so on. Cold & hot water supply system is understanded simpler than HVAC systems relatively, so it is true that pace of performance improvement is slower than other systems for plan and technical development. In this study, the performance evaluations are conducted under the condition of composition ratio by 1:1 for cold & hot water supply manifold system using functionally complex valves such as constant flow regulating valve and 3-way mixing valve in the area of $105.6m^2$ apartment which consist of the largest part of the whole apartment. Also, flow rate related to simultaneous use of faucets and change of hot water temperature are compared with the existing method.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.488-496
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• 2011

Purpose: To determine the type and degree of effect that a hot footbath has on sleep quality and fatigue level in older Korean adults. Methods: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used. Fifty participants from a long-term care facility in Kwangju, South Korea, were randomly selected and assigned to two groups: experimental group (27 participants) and control group (23 participants). The participants in the experimental group received hot footbaths in a temperature-controlled water tub of $42^{\circ}C$. They soaked their feet up to 20cm above the ankles for 30 minutes before going to bed for 3 nights. Actigraphy was used to measure their sleep patterns. The data were analyzed using the SAS program. Results: After the intervention, the total sleep satisfaction rate of the participants increased, while sleep latency and fatigue decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study results suggest that hot footbaths are beneficial for older Korean adults in enhancing sleep quality as well as reducing fatigue. Therefore, hot footbaths are recommended as a nursing intervention to improve sleep quality and to reduce fatigue in older Korean adults.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.197-201
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• 2004

This study was to determine the prevalence of Legionella species in public spas and to know that the presence of Legionella was correlated with other microbiological parameters. A total of 81 water samples were collected from 30 different public spas and sudatoriums so called zzimzilbang in Korea. Although Legionella was not detected in the influent water and the cold tub water, of the 38 samples of hot and warm water taken from public tubs, 11(28.8%) were found to be positive for Legionella spp. All of the isolates were identified as a species L. pneumophila serogroups 1 and 2-14 by latex agglutination. And HPC concentrations in all spas water isolated Legionella were above the level of $10^4\;cfu/ml$.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2009

Anatomy: Facet joint syndrome most often affects the lower back and neck and refers to pain that occurs in the facet joints, which are the connections between the vertebrae in the spine that enable the spine to bend and twist. Many physicians have believed that the usual lesion of facet syndrome was an anatomical impairments of facet joint itself.. Facet joint injection using local anesthetics is a reliable method for the diagnosis and treatment for facet syndrome. Etiology: One of many possible causes is imbalances that can occur in stress levels, hormone levels, and nutritional levels. These imbalances can adversely affect posture, which can lead to neck and back pain. The common disorder called facet syndrome exhibits lower back pain, with or without, radiating pain to buttock and thigh due to facet joint arthropathy. Pain in the facet joint is supposedly the secondary effect of narrowing of joint space by sustained muscle contracture around joints. Syndrome: Facet joint syndrome tends to produce pain or tenderness in the lower back that increases with twisting or arching the body, as well as pain that moves to the buttocks or the back of the thighs. Other symptoms include stiffness or difficulty standing up straight or getting out of a chair. Pain can be felt in other areas such as the shoulders or mid-back area. Treatment: Non-drug treatments include hot packs, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and therapeutic exercises. Stimulating blood flow using massage or a hot tub may also help. Alternative treatments include yoga and relaxation therapy. If your pain persists after trying these treatments, a surgical procedure called radiofrequency rhizotomy, which destroys the sensory nerves of the joint, may bring relief. Facet joint injection has been helpful in diagnosis and therapy for this facet syndrome. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of medial branches is known to be an effective method of relieving pain caused by facet joint problems. We conclude that spasmolytic treatment of muscles connecting the two vertebral articular space would be better for treatment and diagnosis of facet syndrome rather than facet block with local anesthetic and steroid only.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1995

This study aimed to compare the anti-stress effect of Guibitang with Ascorbic Acid on the guinea pigs in heat or forced swimming stress. the experimental animals were heated in hot room$(34{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$ for 2 hours in a day during 7 days. Forced swimming stress was loaded by forcing guinea pigs to swim in a oval tub for 2 minutes in a day during 7days. And administered 1.0mg/100g of Ascorbic Acid or 86.0mg/100g of Guibitang extract formonce befor stress. 1. In brain, the contents of norepinephrine in group of the heat of forced swimming stress, in case administered Ascorbic Acid and in case administered Guibitang extract with Ascorbic Acid significantly decreases as compared with these in case administered non Ascoric Acid. 2. In brain, the contents of epinephrine in group of the forced swimming stress, in case administered Guibitang extract with Ascorbic Acid significantly decreases as compared with these in case administered non Ascorbic Acid. 3. In brain, the contents of dopamine in group of the heating stress, in case administered Guibitang extract with Ascorbic Acid significantly decreases as compared with these in case administered non Ascorbic Acid, and these in group of the forced swimming stress in case administered Ascorbic Acid and in case administered Guibitang extract without Ascorbic Acid and in case administered Guibitang extract with Ascorbic Acid significantly decreases as compared with these in case administered non Ascorbic Acid.