• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.57-60
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• 2006

This study proposes the physical properties of the hardened lightweight cement using the polyethylene tube and to make the fundamental data regarding a new lightweight concrete development. The aerated concrete is displaying various effects such as lightweight, insulation characteristic and it is coming to be widely applied the slab layer of apartment as an insulating material but currently the aerated concrete has many problems. Therefore, demonstrating similar property of former aerated concrete and improving the defects, developing new hardened cement is needed. In this study, we predict adopting possibility of hollow core polyethylene tube, as a material to make cement hardening containing a lot of void. So we changed the mixing ratio, a diameter and length of the polyethylene tube and improved the compressive strength and unit capacity weight of the lightweight cement hardening body. From the test results, we judge that the aerated concrete is a developmental possibility.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.321-332
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• 2005

In this paper, the time-domain finite element formulations for axisymmetric linear viscoelastic problems, especially for the viscoelastic hollow sphere and cylinder, under various boundary conditions are presented with the theoretical solutions of them obtained by using the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle. It is assumed that the viscoelastic material behaves like a standard linear solid in distortion and elastically in dilatation. Numerical examples are solved based on the spherically symmetric, axisymmetric and plane strain finite element models. Good agreements are obtained between numerical and theoretical solutions, which shows the validity and accuracy of the presented method.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.393-410
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• 2001

In an experimental and analytical study on the structural behavior of slender circular steel-concrete composite columns, eleven specimens were tested to investigate the effects of three ways to apply a load to a column. The load was applied eccentrically to the concrete section, to the steel section or to the entire section. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models were established and verified with the experimental results. The analytical models were also used to study how the behavior of the column was influenced by the bond strength between the steel tube and the concrete core and the by confinement of the concrete core offered by the steel tube. The results obtained from the tests and the finite element analyses showed that the behavior of the column was greatly influenced by the method used to apply a load to the column section. When relying on just the natural bond, full composite action was achieved only when the load was applied to the entire section of the column. Furthermore, because of the slenderness effects the columns did not exhibit the beneficial effects of composite behavior in terms of increased concrete strength due to the confinement.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.677-698
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• 2005

In engineering practice, tubular connections are usually assumed pinned or rigid. Recent research showed that tubular joints may exhibit non-rigid behavior under axial or bending loads. This paper is concerned with establishing a new classification for tubular joints and investigating the effect of joint rigidity on the global behavior of CHS (Circular Hollow Section) lattice girders. Parametric formulae for predicting tubular joint rigidities are proposed, which are based on the finite element analyses through systematic variation of the main geometric parameters. Comparison with test results proves the reliability of these formulae. By considering the deformation patterns of respective parts of Vierendeel lattice girders, the boundary between rigid and semirigid tubular connections is built in terms of joint bending rigidity. In order to include characteristics of joint rigidity in the global structural analysis, a type of semirigid element which can effectively reflect the interaction of two braces in K joints is introduced and validated. The numerical example of a Warren lattice girder with different joint models shows the great effect of tubular joint rigidities on the internal forces, deformation and secondary stresses.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.617-633
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• 2016

In this paper, the analysis of hyperbolic cooling tower on elastic subsoil exposed to unsymmetrical wind loading is presented. Modified Vlasov foundation model is used to determine the soil parameters as a function of vertical deformation profile within subsoil. The iterative parameter updating procedure involves the use of Open Application Programming Interface (OAPI) feature of SAP2000 to provide two way data flow during execution. A computing tool coded in MATLAB employing OAPI is used to perform the analysis of hyperbolic cooling tower with supporting columns over a hollow annular raft founded on elastic subsoil. The analysis of such complex soil-structure system is investigated under self-weight and unsymmetrical wind load. The response of the cooling tower on elastic subsoil is compared with that of a tower that its supporting raft foundation is treated as fixed at the base. The results show that the effect of subsoil on the behavior of cooling tower is considerable at the top and bottom of the wall as well as supporting columns and raft foundation. The application of a full-size cooling tower has demonstrated that the procedure is simple, fast and can easily be implemented in practice.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2015

The cross sections of hollow cylindrical tubes ovalise under a pure bending condition, and this reduces their flexural stiffness as their curvatures increase. It is important to accurately evaluate this phenomenon, known as the 'Brazier effect', to understand the bending behaviour of the systems considered. However, if the tubes are supported by an elastic medium or foundation, the ovalisation displacements of their cross sections may decrease. From this point of view, the purpose of this research is to analytically investigate the bending characteristics of single- and double-walled elastic tubes contacted by an elastic material by considering the Brazier effect. The Brazier moment, which is the maximum moment-carrying capacity of the ovalised cross section, can be calculated by introducing the strain energy per unit length of the tube in terms of the degree of ovalisation for the tube and the curvature. The total strain energy of the double-walled system is the sum of the strain energies of the outer and inner tubes and that of the compliant core. Results are comparatively presented to show the variation in the degree of ovalisation and the Brazier moment for single- and double-walled tubes.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.73-92
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• 2012

The effect of element interaction and material nonlinearity on the ultimate capacity of stainless steel plated cross-sections is investigated in this paper. The focus of the research lies in cross-sections failing by local buckling; member instabilities, distortional buckling and interactions thereof with local buckling are not considered. The cross-sections investigated include rectangular hollow sections (RHS), I sections and parallel flange channels (PFC). Based on previous finite element investigations of structural stainless steel stub columns, parametric studies were conducted and the ultimate capacity of the aforementioned cross-sections with a range of element slendernesses and aspect ratios has been obtained. Various design methods, including the effective width approach, the direct strength method (DSM), the continuous strength method (CSM) and a design method based on regression analysis, which accounts for element interaction, were assessed on the basis of the numerical results, and the relative merits and weaknesses of each design approach have been highlighted. Element interaction has been shown to be significant for slender cross-sections, whilst the behaviour of stocky cross-sections is more strongly influenced by the material strain-hardening characteristics. A modification to the continuous strength method has been proposed to allow for the effect of element interaction, which leads to more reliable ultimate capacity predictions. Comparisons with available test data have also been made to demonstrate the enhanced accuracy of the proposed method and its suitability for the treatment of local buckling in stainless steel cross-sections.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.105-119
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• 2011

This study presents the tests of an Immersed Membrane BioReactor (IMBR) equipped with a draft tube and focuses on the influence of hydrodynamic conditions on membrane fouling in a pilot-scale using a hollow fiber membrane module of ZW-10 under ambient conditions. In this system, the cross-flow velocities across the membrane surface were induced by a cylindrical draft-tube. The relationship between cross-flow velocity and aeration strength and the influence of the cross-flow on fouling rate (under various hydrodynamic conditions) were investigated using Multi-Dimension Scaling (MDS) analysis. MDS technique is especially suitable for samples with many variables and has relatively few observations, as the data about Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) often is. Observations and variables are analyzed simultaneously. According to the results, a specialized form of MDS, CoPlot enables presentation of the results in a two dimensional space and when plotting variables ratio (output/input) rather than original data the efficient units can be visualized clearly. The results indicate that: (i) aeration plays an important role in IMBR performance; (ii) implementing the MDS approach with reference to the variables ratio is consequently useful to characterize performance changes for data classification.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 2018

The present study addresses the direct and indirect methods of determining the mode-I fracture toughness of concrete using experimental tests and particle flow code. The direct method used is compaction tensile test and the indirect methods are notched Brazilian disc test, semi-circular bend specimen test, and hollow center cracked disc. The experiments were carried out to determine which indirect method yields the fracture toughness closer to the one obtained by the direct method. In the numerical analysis, the PFC model was first calibrated with respect to the data obtained from the Brazilian laboratory test. The crack paths observed in the simulated tests were in reasonable accordance with experimental results. The discrete element simulations demonstrated that the macro fractures in the models are caused by microscopic tensile breakages on large numbers of bonded particles. The mode-I fracture toughness in the direct tensile test was smaller than the indirect testing results. The fracture toughness obtained from the SCB test was closer to the direct test results. Hence, the semi-circular bend test is recommended as a proper experiment for determination of mode-I fracture toughness of concrete in the absence of direct tests.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2018

In order to investigate mechanical properties in the core area of Square Hollow Section(SHS) column connection with external stiffening ring, four specimens were tested under the static tension load. The failure modes, load-displacement curves and strain distribution were analyzed to study the mechanical properties and the load transfer mechanism of the core area of connections. The connections behave good ductility and load-bearing capacity under the static tension load. Parametric analysis was also conducted, in which the thickness of steel tube, extended width and thickness of the stiffening ring were considered as the parameters to investigate the effects on mechanical properties of the connections. Based on the experimental results, an analytical method for the bearing capacity of connection with external stiffening ring under the static tension load was proposed. The theoretical results and the experimental results are in good agreement, which indicates that the theoretical calculation method of the bearing capacity is advisable.