• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.397-404
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of climbing training combined with coordinative locomotor training on muscle thickness in normal adults and to provide basic data regarding its applicability to clinical practice. Methods: Coordinative locomotor and climbing training was conducted three times per week for six weeks. Each exercise session consisted of ten minutes of warm-up and 40 minutes of the main exercise. A post-test was conducted six weeks after the training began, and a follow-up test was done two weeks after the training ended. Results: There were significant differences in the participants' external and internal oblique abdominis muscles over time (p<0.05). There were also significant interactions in the external and internal oblique abdominis muscles over time and according to group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that coordinative locomotor training with climbing had positive effects in normal adults, including increased thickness of the external and internal oblique abdominis muscles. The findings hold value for patient rehabilitation and clinical applications and interventions using coordinative locomotor training in combination with climbing.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2021

Most of the research on weakly prime and weakly 2-absorbing modules is for modules over commutative rings. Only scatterd results about these notions with regard to non-commutative rings are available. The motivation of this paper is to show that many results for the commutative case also hold in the non-commutative case. Let R be a non-commutative ring with identity. We define the notions of a weakly prime and a weakly 2-absorbing submodules of R and show that in the case that R commutative, the definition of a weakly 2-absorbing submodule coincides with the original definition of A. Darani and F. Soheilnia. We give an example to show that in general these two notions are different. The notion of a weakly m-system is introduced and the weakly prime radical is characterized interms of weakly m-systems. Many properties of weakly prime submodules and weakly 2-absorbing submodules are proved which are similar to the results for commutative rings. Amongst these results we show that for a proper submodule Ni of an Ri-module Mi, for i = 1, 2, if N1 × N2 is a weakly 2-absorbing submodule of M1 × M2, then Ni is a weakly 2-absorbing submodule of Mi for i = 1, 2

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.102-119
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• 2021

Social credit rating in China (SCRC) has been criticized as "dystopian" and "Orwellian," an attempt by the Communist Party to hold onto power by exerting ever greater control over its citizens. To explain such measures, value differences are often invoked, that Chinese value stability and cooperation over privacy and freedom. However, these explanations are oversimplifications that result in ethical impasses. This article argues social credit rating should be understood in terms of the commonly human problem of large-scale cooperation. To do so, this paper relies on a cultural evolutionary framework and is an exercise in interpretive pros hen ethical pluralism, attempting to understand how apparently irresolvable cultural differences stem from common human concerns. Wholesale condemnation of SCRC fails to acknowledge the serious, intractable nature of problems resulting from a lack of trust in China. They take for granted the existence of institutions ensuring largescale, anonymous cooperation characteristic of - but somewhat unique to - Western Educated Industrialized Rich and Democratic (WEIRD) cultures. Because of its history and rapid development, China lacks the institutions necessary to ensure such cooperation, and because of anti-social punishment, social credit rating might be one of the few ways to ensure cooperation at this scale. The point is not to defend social credit rating in general, but to raise the possibility of its defense in China and show one way this would be done.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2003

Delay testing has become an area of focus in the field of digital circuits as the speed and density of circuits have greatly improved. This paper proposes a new scan flip-flop and test algorithm to overcome some of the problems in delay testing. In the proposed test algorithm, the second test pattern is generated by scan justification, and the first test pattern is processed by functional justification. In the conventional functional justification, it is hard to generate the proper second test pattern because it uses a combinational circuit for the pattern. The proposed scan justification has the advantage of easily generating the second test pattern by direct justification from the scan. To implement our scheme, we devised a new scan in which the slave latch is bypassed by an additional latch to allow the slave to hold its state while a new pattern is scanned in. Experimental results on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that the number of testable paths can be increased by about 45 % over the conventional functional justification.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-2
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• 2010

Chronic non-specific low back pain (CLBP) is one of the major health problems casting substantial amount of economic expenses and negative impact on quality of life onto an individual as well as society. On contrary to public familiarity, the ways of management of CLBP are diverse and there is yet no general consensus about which approach is better than others or to whom the specific management should be applied. Some hold the negative point of view on the efficacy of the invasive maneuver such as epidural injection because there is no controlled clinical trial (RCT) yielding better long term outcome of those invasive managements over conservative ones. But the experts of interventional or surgical treatment stress the methodological difficulty in performing RCT and assert that those invasive treatments can bring the prompt and complete resolution of low back pain and restoration of function in appropriately selected cases. These seemingly opposite views on the invasive management on CLBP are rather complimentary each other than to be contradictory.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.146-153
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine understanding consumers' purchasing intention toward sustainable apparel regarding buying experience, majors, and age. A random sample of 172 undergraduate students completed a questionnaire that contained measures of demographic information, past sustainable buying experiences, and purchasing intentions toward sustainable apparel. Based on literature review, three research questions were proposed. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and t-test were used. Based on these results, this research provided acceptable information based upon the consumer's purchasing intentions toward sustainable apparel, after being placed into groups of buyers and non-buyers. Buyers had more willing to purchase sustainable apparel than non-buyers. Also the results revealed that fashion majors hold a higher level of significance than non-fashion majors and their intentions to purchase sustainable apparel. Finally, older students (over 21 years old) have more purchasing intentions toward sustainable apparel than younger students (under 21 years old). Based on these results, some implications for educators and marketers would be suggested.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1986

This paper provides an evaluation of static flowshop scheduling heuristics for minimizing makespan as an objective function in the dynamic flowshop model, in which new jobs with stochastic processing times arrive at the shop randomly over time and are added into the waiting jobs for processing. A total of sixteen scheduling heuristics, including several revisions and combinations of previously reported me-sixteen scheduling heuristics, including several revisions and combinations of previously reported methods, are surmmarized. These scheduling rules are evaluated via computer using a SLAM discrete event simulation model. The results for the simulation are analyzed using both statistical and nonstatistical methods. The results from the study suggest which of the popular scheduling rules hold promise for application to practical dynamic flowshop problems.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2006

Objectives: In this study a pattern questionnaire for damum patterns was developed by means of literature review and statistical analysis. The individual approach of korean medicine is based on the concept of pattern identification, the objectivity and validity issues of which hold important meaning in the pratice and research. Methods: Review of literatures led to the selection of 22 items describing Dam or Um pattern. A preliminary questinnaire consisted of these items that may be scored with positive score at zero to seven. Results: Damum is all over the body syndromes. That is abnormal body conditions. Damun arouse body pain, breath disorder, digestion disorder, nerves disorder, excretion disorder. Conclusions: Review of literatures led to selection of 29 items describing Damun. A questionnaire is in preparation.

• IE interfaces
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.448-457
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• 1999

Accelerated degradation is concerned with models and data analyses for degradation of product performance over time at overstress and design conditions. Although there have been numerous studies with accelerated degradation theory in reliability, very few actually apply to parametric statistical analyses. This paper shows how to analyze degradation data, provides tests for how well the assumptions hold. Reel sensors, a sort of photointerrupters in home VCR, hive been tested, and least-square analyses are used to illustrate our approach. Tests for linearity of the performance-time relationship, dependence of the lognormal distribution, and the standard deviation on time are performed. The mean life of tested sensors is assessed at about 414,000 hours, and the Arrhenius activation energy of this reaction is concluded to be 0.39 eV as results.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.83-101
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• 2008

A derivation is given of two-scale models that are able to describe deformation and flow in a fluid-saturated and progressively fracturing porous medium. From the micromechanics of the flow in the cavity, identities are derived that couple the local momentum and the mass balances to the governing equations for a fluid-saturated porous medium, which are assumed to hold on the macroscopic scale. By exploiting the partition-of-unity property of the finite element shape functions, the position and direction of the fractures are independent from the underlying discretization. The finite element equations are derived for this two-scale approach and integrated over time. The resulting discrete equations are nonlinear due to the cohesive crack model and the nonlinearity of the coupling terms. A consistent linearization is given for use within a Newton-Raphson iterative procedure. Finally, examples are given to show the versatility and the efficiency of the approach.