• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 2011

There are many studies reporting the average carbon dioxide levels in various indoor spaces. However, there have been a few studies showing how carbon dioxide concentration varied at many measurement points in one indoor space. In this study, the changes of indoor carbon dioxide concentration at classroom, library, and kindergarten were reported to find its carbon dioxide distribution change at various locations and altitudes. The maximum carbon dioxide concentration of the 3 sites were measured as 2,684, 2,295, and 1,526 ppm, respectively. These values exceeded the guideline concentration of 1,000 ppm for public places. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher at upper area than lower area, and this is probably due to the rise of warm breathing air generated from students. In the upper area, the carbon dioxide concentration was higher at center area than four corners. However, in the lower area, the carbon dioxide concentration was higher at four corners than center area. Therefore, it could be concluded that the center of upper area is the best place for the installation of ventilation or carbon dioxide removal system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.718-723
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• 1998

This study was designed to observe the effects of the feeding of Hijikia fusiforme(Harvey) Okamura juice extract on the improvement of lipids in the serum of cholesterol-supplemented diet induced dietary hyperlipidemic rats fed experimental diets for 4 weeks. Concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-choloesterol in serum was significantly lower in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group than in the cholestero diet group. Concentration of HDL-cholesterol in serum was higher in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group than the cholesterol supplemented diet group. Those in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group were higher than those in the cholesterol diet group. In the ration of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol concentration, Hijikia fusiforme juice extract administration group was higher percentage than the other groups. Atherosclerotic index was lower in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group than in the cholesterol diet group. Concentration of free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester in serum was rather lower in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group than the other groups. Triglyceride concentration in serum was significantly lower in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group than in the cholesterol diet group. Concentration of phospholipid in serum was more decreased in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group than in the cholesterol diet group. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were rather lower in the Hijikia fusiforme juice extract group than the cholesterol supplemented diet group. From the avove research, the Hijikia fusiforme juice extracts were effective on the improvement of the lipid compositions in serum of high fat diet induced dietary hyperlipidemic rats.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2009

This study was conducted to consider the characteristics of PM10(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 ${\mu}m$) concentration according to land-use in Busan coastal area. Fine particle is affected by emissions, geographical conditions and meteorological factors. In case industrial area, Gamjeondong(inland) PM10 concentration was higher than Noksandong(seashore) at all season except for Summer. Primary peak at Gamjeondong cleared than Noksandong in Fall and Winter. In case green area, Daejeodong(inland) PM10 concentration was higher than Dongsamdong(seashore) at all seasons. In case commercial area, primary peak occurrence time at Jeonpodong lagged one hour according to season and diurnal change of PM10 concentration at Gwangbokdong was higher than Jeonpodong in Spring. In case residential area, high PM10 concentration(80~90 ${\mu}g/m^3$) lasted for six hours during the daytime in Spring at Deogcheondong and Yongsuri(inland).

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 1997

In this study, we researched the concentration of nitrogen dioxide($NO_{2}$) and sulfur dioxide($SO_{2}$) of indoor(waiting room) and outdoor(place of getting on the bus) at the bus terminals (Kang-Nam, Dong-Seoul and Nam-Bu) in Seoul to recognize the degree of pollution by exhaust gas of the diesel engine vehicles, and examine the factor that might affect air pollution of terminals. The concentration of $NO_{2}$ and $SO_{2}$ were measured in winter and summer, and the results of the analysis are as follows : The mean concentration of $NO_{2}$ was $57.49{\pm}21.86$ ppb and the concentration of outdoor with $64.10{\pm}27.69$ ppb was significantly higher than the indoor with $50.89{\pm}10.92$ ppb (p<0.05), and the highest with $73.54{\pm}25.54$ ppb at Kang-Nam terminal (p<0.01). The mean concentration of $NO_{2}$ was $62.80{\pm}24.74$ ppb in winter and $52.19{\pm}17.50$ ppb in summer, and had a not statistical difference. The mean concentration of $SO_{2}$ was $31.71{\pm}8.73$ ppb and the concentration of outdoor with $31.04{\pm}8.89$ ppb was similar to the indoor $32.29{\pm}8.70$ ppb, and the highest with $32.57{\pm}9.01$ ppb at Dong-Seoul terminal (p<0.05). The mean concentration of $SO_{2}$ in winter with $39.67{\pm}4.10$ ppb was significantly higher than in summer with $23.76{\pm}2.61$ ppb (p<0.01). The concentration of outdoor $NO_{2}$ at Kang-Nam terminal was 104, 84 ppb in winter and 81.20 ppb in summer, and had a statistical difference compared with the concentration of indoor $NO_{2}$ at Dong-Seoul and Nam-Bu terminals. The concentration of indoor $NO_{2}$ and $SO_{2}$ were higher than that of outdoor at Kang-Nam and Dong-Seoul terminals, but on the contrary, lower than that of outdoor at Nam-Bu terminal. The concentration of $NO_{2}$ and $SO_{2}$ at Nam-Bu terminal were lower than those at Kang-Nam and Dong-Seoul terminals. While the concentration of $SO_{2}$ show the large difference between winter and summer, that of $NO_{2}$ dose not.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.30-39
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• 2017

In this study, the predictive toxicity of barley Hordeum vulgare was estimated using a modified terrestrial biotic ligand model (TBLM) to account for the toxic effects of $CuOH^+$ and $CuCO_3(aq)$ generated at pH 7 or higher, and this was compared to that from the original TBLM. At pH values higher than 7, the difference in $EA_{50}\{Cu^{2+}\}$ (half maximal effective activity of $Cu^{2+}$) between the two models increased with increasing pH. As Mg concentration increased from 8.24 to 148 mg/L in the pH range of 5.5 to 8.5, the difference in $EA_{50}\{Cu^{2+}\}$ increased, and it reached its maximum at pH 8. The difference in $EC_{50}[Cu]_T$ (half maximal effective concentration of Cu) between the two models increased as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased when pH was above 7. Thus, for soils with alkaline pH, the toxic effect of $CuOH^+$ and $CuCO_3(aq)$ are greater at higher salt and DOC concentrations. The acceptable Cu concentration in soil porewater can be estimated by the modified TBLM through deterministic method at pH levels higher than 7, while combination of TBLM and species sensitivity distribution through the probabilistic method could be utilized at pH levels lower than 7.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.200-205
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• 1999

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the aluminum concentrations in blood, urine and drinking water, the factors which affect the concentrations and the role of silicon in patients who were taking antacid containing aluminum. Methods: We selected 122 peptic ulcer patients as cases and 144 healthy examinees as controls. Blood, urine, and drinking water were collected from the each study subject and we measured aluminum concentrations as well as silicon concentrations in the specimens. The factors including silicon affect on the aluminum concentrations were also analyzed, Results: 1. The mean duration of antacid administration was 12 months, and the mean daily and total amount of aluminum administration were 0.9 g and 304 g per each patient, respectively. 2. The blood and urine aluminum concentrations were significantly higher in the case. 3. The blood silicon concentration was significantly lower in the control group, and the urine silicon concentration was significantly higher in the case. 4. Urine aluminum concentration was significantly correlated with blood aluminum concentration (r=0.18), and urine silicon concentration was correlated with blood aluminum (r=0.19) and urine aluminum concentrations (r=0.13). 5. The longer the duration of antacid administration and the larger the total and daily amount of aluminum in the antacid were, the higher urine aluminum and silicon concentrations were, but not to a statistically significant degree. Conclusions: Blood and urine aluminum concentrations were higher in the ulcer patients. The authors suggest that follow-up studies of the patients who administered antacid with high aluminum content for long duration should be done.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.357-360
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• 1997

To fine out the concentration of $SO_2$ gas in plastic film house, the survey was conducted at 343 sites throughout the nation. The $SO_2$ concentration in plastic film house were similar both heating and non-heating, but $SO_2$ cocentration higher than 0.8ppm was detected at those with heating. The $SO_2$ concentration in plastic film house cultivated red-pepper higher than those of cucumber or tomato cultivation, and it was produced higher amounts at day time than night due to the higher temperature. In plastic film house with heating, $SO_2$ was leaked at brocken parts of heater and joint of stove pipe, sometimes, $SO_2$ discharged from smokestack was resucked with air. $SO_2$ concentration in the plastic film house with and without ventilation were 0.2 and 0.6ppm, respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1995

The purpose of this research is to investigate how obesity and eating behavior are related to the concentration of serum insulin and lipids and blood pressure of middle-aged men The sample for this study utilizes 240 middle-aged men between th4 age of 40 and 60 living in the city of Kumi. Through a process of anthropometry and categorization by relative body weight, the sample is devide into two groups, the obese group (51 men) and the normal group (129 men). The results of the study were as follows : 1111111. The men from the obese group with the exception of height, subs-capular/triceps skinfold girth ratio(STR) had a higher level of body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist/hip girth ratio(WHR), subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness than the normal group (P=0.0001). 2. In comparing the serum insulin and lipids between the obese and normal group, the obese group had a higher level of insulin and triglyceride (P=0.016, P=0.050) but a lower concentration of HDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol (P=0.034, P=0.004). Also, the obese group had a higher level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.001, P=0.029). When looking at the relationship between the serum insulin and lipids and anthropometric measurements, the relationship between waist/hip girth ratio(THR), the concentration of fasting serum insulin and lipids were stronger than the obesity index, body mass index(BMI). 3. Men who exercised regularly had a lower total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure 9P=0.049, P=0.041), and a higher level of HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol (P=0.004). There was no observable relationship between the food habit score, the preference for fiber foods, and the concentration of serum lipids. Also, the concentration of serum lipids had no apparent effect on the preference for salty, sweet, and greasy foods.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.287-292
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of concentration and kinds of cryoprotectants, equilibraction time, thawing temperature and time, sucrose concentration on the survival rates of frozen bovine demi-embryos. The bovine demi-embryos following dehydration by cryoprotectants a various concentration of sucrose were freezed by cell freezer and thawed in 3$0^{\circ}C$ water bath. Survival and in vitro developmental rates was defined as development rates on in vitro culture or FDA-test. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The high survival rates of demi-embryos after frozen-thawing in freezing medium was attained 2.0M glycerol. The high survival rates of demi-embryos after frozen-thawing in freezing medium was obtained using single cryoprotectant(25.0~30.0%) than mixed cryoprotectants(16.7~19.0%). 2. The survival rates of demi-embryos after frozen-thawing in freezing medium added 1.5M, 2.0M glycerol＋0.25M sucrose(37.5~33.3%) were higher survival rates than those of sucrose concentration of 0.50, 0.75M(12.5~26.7%). 3. The equilibration time on the survival rates of demi-embryos was attained after short period of time(30.0~35.0%) in the freezing medium higher than long period of time(21.1%). 4. The thawing temperature on the survival rates of demi-embryos was attained at 3$0^{\circ}C$ of thawing temperature(26.7~40.0%) higher than $25^{\circ}C$ or 37$^{\circ}C$ of thawing temperature(13.3~20.0%). 5. The thawing time on the survival rates of demi-embryos was attained at 1~5 minutes of thawing time(26.7~33.3%) in the freezing medium higher than 10 minutes of thawing time(13.3~18.8%).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.347-354
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• 2016

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of the colchicine concentrations on chromosome doubling for producing of tetraploid plants of Codonopsis lanceolata, and its effect on plant morphology. A total of 180 individuals germinated from 16 treatment groups, were exposed to various concentrations (0.05-1.0% w/v) of colchicine for different soaking duration (3-24 hour). The highest numbers of tetraploid plants (3) were observed from the lowest concentration of colchicine (0.05%), and one (1) tetraploid plant was obtained from the 0.5% concentration group with a 6 hour treatment. However, no tetraploid individual was observed in any other treatment groups. The plant height of the diploid (18.1 ㎝) was slightly shorter than that of the tetraploid (13.4 ㎝). The fresh weight of the main root in the diploid (0.5 g) was four-fold higher than the tetraploid (2.2 g). The colchicine-treated plant regeneration rate in C. lanceolata was decreased when the plants were subjected to high concentration of colchicine. In particular, the highest number of tetraploid plants (5 and 3) was obtained from the lower concentration (0.05% and 0.1%) of colchicine for 6-hour treatment, which were a higher rate (29.4% and 30%) of regenerated tetraploid plants than other regenerated plants. As in the seed treatment result, the plant height of the diploid was significantly higher (10.4 ㎝) than tetraploid. The higher morphological changes were observed comparatively from tetraploid plants than the diploid.