• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1396-1404
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• 2017

Objective: This study was determined the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth-performance and characteristics of digestion of cattle with decreasing dietary net energy value of the diet for maintenance ($NE_m$) from 2.22 to 2.10 Mcal/kg. Methods: Eighty crossbred beef steers ($298.2{\pm}6.3kg$) were used in a 152-d performance evaluation consisting of a 28-d adaptation period followed by a 124-d growing-finishing period. During the 124-d period steers were fed either a lesser energy dense (LED, $2.10Mcal/kg\;NE_m$) or higher energy dense (HED, $2.22Mcal/kg\;NE_m$) diet. Diets were fed with or without 28 mg/kg (dry matter [DM] basis) virginiamycin in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Four Holstein steers ($170.4{\pm}5.6kg$) with cannulas in the rumen (3.8 cm internal diameter) and proximal duodenum were used in $4{\times}4$ Latin square experiment to study treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Results: Neither diet energy density nor virginiamycin affected average daily gain (p>0.10). As expected, dry matter intake and gain efficiency were greater (p<0.01) for LED- than for HED-fed steers. Virginiamycin did not affect estimated net energy value of the LED diet. Virginiamycin increased estimated NE of the HED diet. During daylight hours when the temperature humidity index averaged $81.3{\pm}2.7$, virginiamycin decreased (p<0.05) ruminal temperature. Virginiamycin did not influence (p>0.10) ruminal or total tract digestion. Ruminal (p = 0.02) and total tract digestion (p<0.01) of organic matter, and digestible energy (p<0.01) were greater for HED vs LED. Ruminal microbial efficiency was lower (p<0.01) for HED vs LED diets. Conclusion: The positive effect of virginiamycin on growth performance of cattle is due to increased efficiency of energy utilization, as effects of virginiamycin on characteristics of digestion were not appreciable. Under conditions of high ambient temperature virginiamycin may reduce body temperature.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.649-654
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• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of high-carbohydrate (HC) or high-fat (HF) diet with hydroxycitric acid (HCA)-containing Garcinia cambogia in rats. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups and raised with experimental diets containing different HCA levels (0, 1.6, and 3.2%) and calorie sources (carbohydrate, fat) for 8 weeks. Energy intake was significantly reduced in rats fed a HC diet with HCA compared to the HC diet without HCA. Body weight gain was significantly reduced in HCA groups. In the diet groups, plasma total lipid and triglyceride (TG) levels of the HCA groups were significantly lower than those of the group without HCA. There were no significant differences in energy intake and plasma lipid profile in HF groups. These results suggest that HC diet with HCA was more effective in the reduction of energy intake, body weight gain, and plasma lipid contents than those of HF diet with HCA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1989

A comparative slaughter feeding experiment with steer calves weighing 280 kg and a concurrent digestion trial with wether lambs was conducted to study the energy value of rice straw as influenced by ammonia treatment and mixing with alfalfa hay. Steers were ad libitum fed one of nine completely mixed experimental diets: basal (high concentrate); 25 or 50% of untreated rice straw (URS) or ammoniated (plastic covered bales, 4.6% $NH_3$ by weight) rice straw (ARS) proportionately replacing part of the basal; a 50:50 % mixture of URS or ARS and alfalfa replacing a proportion of the basal at 25 and 50%. Digestibility of the nine complete diets (pelleted to prevent sorting) was determined with four ad libitum fed lambs. Ammoniation increased crude protein level (from 3.6 to 10.8%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of the rice straw by 15%. The improvement in DE, NEm and NEg by ammoniation of rice straw was 20, 52 and 117%, respectively. Ammoniation of rice straw fed as 50% of the diet improved gains over the diet containing 50% URS, but no significant influence on animal performance was observed when rice straw was fed at the 25% level. Each 10% addition of URS to basal diet decreased empty body gain of steers by 116 gram per day compared with a decrease of 70 gram per day when rice straw had been ammoniated. There was no beneficial effect of ammoniation when the roughage component of the diet was a 50:50 mixture of rice straw and alfalfa. Ammoniation of straw and inclusion of alfalfa generally increased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Ammoniation resulted in reduced concentrations of acetic and propionic acid, but increased concentration of butyric acid. Digestibility of URS was improved by mixing with alfalfa. However, alfalfa hay did not influence digestibility of ARS. Diets in which ARS replaced the basal mixture at 25 and 50% had higher NEm and NEg values than comparable URS diets. The same pattern was observed in the straw: alfalfa mixtures, but differences between URS and ARS were significant only for the 50% roughage diets.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.884-888
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• 2009

Effect of citrus pectin oligosaccharides produced by irradiation was studied on the ability to improve lipid metabolism and hypercholesterolemia in mice fed high cholesterol diets. A total of 35 mice were divided into 5 groups and fed the following diets for 6 weeks: normal diet (C), 0.5% cholesterol (CH), 0.5% cholesterol+5% non-irradiated pectin (P), 0.5% cholesterol+5% irradiated pectin at 20 kGy (PIR), and 0.5% cholesterol+5% irradiated at 20 kGy and dialyzed (PIR-F). CH group had significantly higher serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol contents than pectin oligosaccharide-treated groups (p<0.05). Triglycerides and total cholesterol contents was the lowest in C and PIR-F and followed by PIR and P group, and CH group had significantly higher LDL-cholesterol. Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol content in C group was not different from that in CH and P groups, but lower than that of PIR and PIR-F groups. These results suggest that pectin oligosaccharides produced by irradiation can reduce the levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the blood of mice fed high-cholesterol diets and therefore, irradiation can be used as a tool to produce functional oligosaccharides from citrus pectin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1547-1551
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• 2011

Bakery waste (BW) is much cheaper than barley (20 to 40% the price of barley). Bakery waste and barley grain have similar chemical composition; they contain 99 and 97% organic matter (OM), 1.1 and 1.8% fat, 18 and 15% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 14.0 and 14.5% crude protein (CP), respectively (DM basis). The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of substituting BW for barley grain in high concentrate fattening diets for lambs on nutrient intake, growth and carcass characteristics. Forty Awassi lambs (21.75${\pm}$1 kg) weaned at the age of 65 days were assigned randomly to four experimental fattening diets differing in BW ratio in a completely randomized design. The control diet (CON) contained 20, 60, 11, 7, and 2% (DM basis) wheat straw, barley grain, soybean meal, corn grain, and minerals and vitamin mix, respectively. Bakery waste substituted barley grain by 10, 20 and 30% of the diet DM in the LBW, MBW and HBW diets, respectively. The experiment lasted for 56 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) decreased (p<0.05) in LBW diet compared to the CON diet by approximately 10%. No further reduction in DMI was observed with the higher substitution levels. Metabolizable energy intake for the CON diet (3.6 Mcal/d) was also reduced (p<0.05) compared with LBW, MBW and HBW diets (3.4, 3.4 and 3.3 Mcal/d, respectively). Final body weight for lambs fed the CON diet (34.8 kg) was higher (p<0.05) compared with lambs fed the LBW, MBW and HBW diets (30.6, 32.0 and 31.1 kg, respectively). Growth rate for lambs fed the CON diet (232 g/d) was also higher (p<0.05) compared to lambs fed the LBW, MBW and HBW diets (170, 189, and 167 g/d, respectively). Feed to gain ratio was higher (p<0.05) for lambs fed the LBW, MBW and HBW diets (7.2, 6.6 and 7.3, respectively) compared with lambs that consumed the CON diet (5.7). Body weight gain cost was reduced by approximately 8% by the MBW and HBW diets as compared with the CON diet. Dressing percentage, full gut weight, empty gut weight and liver weights were all unaffected by the BW addition to the diets and averaged 48.9%, 6.8 kg, 2.8 kg and 0.444 kg, respectively. However, fat tail weight was increased (p<0.05) with the higher levels of the BW inclusion. In conclusion, substituting BW for barley grain reduced DMI and growth performance. However, when BW substituted barley grain at the 20 and 30% of the diet DM, body weight gain cost was reduced by approximately 8%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.283-300
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• 2004

Currently commercial dry sows are housed in individual stalls and subject to restricted feeding. These sows often show stereotypic behaviours which increase their maintenance energy requirement. Group housing is desirable to improve animal welfare and public perception. However, under restricted feeding systems, group-housed dry sows are also aggressive. The feed intake of these sows is variable, depending on their social rank, which results in different milk production and variable piglet performance. These problems can be solved by ad libitum feeding systems, but the large capacity of intake by dry sows will not allow this feeding system to be practical as high feeding level during pregnancy can reduce reproduction performance of sows. Current research indicates that feeding high fibre diets to dry sows enables sows to be fed ad libitum, but the effect of dietary fibre on feed intake and nutrient utilisation is dependent on the quality of fibre sources. Most research has focused on sugar beet pulp, straw, lucerne meal and by-products, but there is a need to identify and evaluate some widely available and cheap fibre materials and feed grains for developing the best strategy to control nutrient intake of dry sows while feeding ad libitum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.573-578
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of diet for growing-finishing pigs with high level of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from by-products on nitrogen excretion and nitrogen losses from slurry during storage. Sixteen commercial crossbred barrows of about 68 kg BW were randomly allotted to one of four diets. The control diet was formulated using tapioca and rice as basal energy sources. In the other diets, tapioca was replaced by either coconut expellar, rice bran or beer by-product. The diets differed mainly in the amount and compostition of NSP. After a 12-day adaptation period, urine and faeces were collected separately in metabolism cages for 9 days. Urine and faeces from the first four days were used to analyse the nitrogen partitioning. Urine and faeces from the last 5 days were mixed as slurry. The slurry was sampled at the end of the collection period and again after 30 days storage, to analyse for nitrogen to calculate the losses. Increasing dietary NSP reduced urinary nitrogen and nitrogen losses from the slurry during storage. The pigs fed the diet based on beer by-product excreted the most nitrogen via faeces and the least nitrogen via urine. Nitrogen losses from slurry of pigs fed the beer by-product were from 34 to 65% lower than from the other three diets. It is concluded that including NSP-rich by-products in the diet of growing-finishing pigs reduces urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen losses from slurry during storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1594-1608
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• 2009

Research on barley as an animal feed started some decades ago but its utilization in animal production has been limited to countries that grow the crop extensively. Corn has been the most popular energy feed in cattle rations, but the high price of corn and the decreased supply of the grain in the international market have shifted the focus of the animal industry to other cereal crops like barley. Studies have indicated that growth performance of cattle fed barley-based diets has been generally comparable with that of those fed corn-based diets, while results for cattle fed whole-crop barley silage have been more variable. Beef from cattle fed barley-based diets has proved to be as tender and as acceptable for taste as that from animals fed other finishing diets when compared at similar growth rates and degree of finish. The barley crop contains good amounts of antioxidants like 2"O-GIV isovitexin, so from the meat science point of view, a desirable influence of these components on meat quality traits such as meat color, oxidative stability and sensory characteristics might be expected. Furthermore, the effect of the distinctive fatty acid profile of beef fed from whole-crop barley silage on sensory traits is also an important subject to be elucidated. A lot of studies have been made over past decades on the effect of barley, and especially whole crop barley, on beef cattle production and meat quality, but these data have not been collectively documented in a review. The current review re-visits previous literature to underline the effects of barley in the diet on beef quality traits and to identify areas for further studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1652-1662
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• 2014

The present study investigated the optimum blending condition of protected fat, choline and yeast culture for lowering of rumen temperature. The Box Benken experimental design, a fractional factorial arrangement, and response surface methodology were employed. The optimum blending condition was determined using the rumen simulated in vitro fermentation. An additive formulated on the optimum condition contained 50% of protected fat, 25% of yeast culture, 5% of choline, 7% of organic zinc, 6.5% of cinnamon, and 6.5% of stevioside. The feed additive was supplemented at a rate of 0.1% of diet (orchard grass:concentrate, 3:7) and compared with a control which had no additive. The treatment resulted in lower volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and biogas than the control. To investigate the effect of the optimized additive and feed energy levels on rumen and rectal temperatures, four rumen cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native beef breed) steers were in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Energy levels were varied to low and high by altering the ratio of forage to concentrate in diet: low energy (6:4) and high energy (4:6). The additive was added at a rate of 0.1% of the diet. The following parameters were measured; feed intake, rumen and rectal temperatures, ruminal pH and VFA concentration. This study was conducted in an environmentally controlled house with temperature set at $30^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity levels of 70%. Steers were housed individually in raised crates to facilitate collection of urine and feces. The adaptation period was for 14 days, 2 days for sampling and 7 days for resting the animals. The additive significantly reduced both rumen (p<0.01) and rectal temperatures (p<0.001) without depressed feed intake. There were interactions (p<0.01) between energy level and additive on ruminal temperature. Neither additive nor energy level had an effect on total VFA concentration. The additive however, significantly increased (p<0.01) propionate and subsequently had lower acetate:propionate (A/P) ratios than non-additive supplementation. High concentrate diets had significantly lower pH. Interactions between energy and additive were observed (p<0.01) in ammonia nitrogen production. Supplementation of diets with the additive resulted in lower rumen and rectal temperatures, hence the additive showed promise in alleviating undesirable effects of heat stress in cattle.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1994

The effect of diets(high fat, high fat high energy, pectin, cellulose) on adipocyte of epididymal fat pads were investigated in 70 male rats for 8 weeks. The rats were assigned to a control(C), high fat(HF) and high fat high energy(HFHE) group for 4 wks. During the next 4 wks, reassigned to one of three treatments (high fat, pectin supplemented, cellulose supplemented) in the HF group and one of three treatment (high fat high energy, pectin, cellulose) in the HFHE group. Therefore, the total experimental groups were 7 (C, HF, HF-P, HF-C, HFHE, HFHE-P, HFHE-C). Parameters evaluated and compared for each diet were body weight, total energy intake, feed efficiency ratio and weight changes in epididymal fat pads. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) There was no significant difference in body weight gain among the groups. 2) Total energy intake was higher in the C group than other groups. 3) Feed efficiency ratio (F.E.R) of the HF and HFHE groups were greater than C group(2, 4 weeks). However, there were no significant differences between the HF and HFHE groups. 4) Epididymal fat pads(EFP 100g/B.W) of the FH and HFHE groups were higher than C group (2, 4 weeks). However, there were no significant differences between the HF and HFHE groups. There was no significant difference in weight gain of epididymal fat pads among the groups(8 weeks). 5) Cell number and cell size of epididymal fat pads of the HF and HFHE groups were higher than the C group. The pectin and the cellulose supplementation groups decreased cell number and cell size of epididymal fat pads. Especially, the pectin supplementation group decreased than the cellulose supplementation in HFHE group. Therefore, we can concluded that the HF and the HFHE diet has no effect on the epididymal fat pads.