• 운동영양학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine whether different types of carbohydrate diets with or without exercise changes energy metabolism at rest and during exercise. [Methods] To minimize differences in food and energy intake between experimental groups, mice were pairfed. After 1 week of adaptation, 40 male ICR mice (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: Sta. (high fat + high starch), Scu. (high fat + high sucrose), StaEX. (high fat + high starch + exercise), and SucEX. (high fat + high sucrose + exercise). StaEX. and ScuEX. groups underwent training by running on a treadmill five times a week. After 10 weeks of training, energy metabolism was measured for 24 h and during a 1 h exercise period. [Results] The final body weight showed no significant difference between the groups. However, the weight of abdominal tissues (epididymal, perirenal, and mesenteric adipose tissue) in training groups was markedly decreased following 10 weeks of training. Results of all energy metabolism (24 h at rest and during 1 h of exercise) showed no significant interactions between diet and exercise. A brief summary of the results of the energy metabolism is that the metabolism related indicators over 24 h were more affected by the dietary pattern than the exercise but during the 1 h of exercise, training had more effect on energy metabolism than diet. [Conclusion] Our findings confirm that: (a) the type of carbohydrates included in the diet influence the metabolic responses over 24 h, (b) training had more effect on energy metabolism than diet during 1 h of exercise, (c) both results; abdominal adipose tissue weight and fat oxidation during exercise are suggestive for a beneficial effect of moderate physical activity on weight maintenance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.266-274
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• 1989

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of the ratios of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy restriction on insulin sensitivity in the growing rats. Male rats weighting 80-90g were fed experimental diets for two weeks. Rats were killed and epiddymal adipose tissue were removed and sliced. Explants of adipose tissues were incubated for 2 hours in KRB(Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate) buffer containing various concentrations of human insulin and [U-14C]glucose. Insulin sensitivity was determined as glucose conversion to total lipids (lipogenesis) during 2 hr incubation. Exp't I : Effects of Ratios of Fat to Carbohydrate on Insulin Sensitivity. Eighteen male rats were fed 3 diets for 2 weeks. Diet 1 was low fat-high carbohydrate (4% soybean oil and 66.5% cornstarch) ; diet 2, medium fat-medium sarbohydrate(12% soybean oil and 58.5% cornstarch) ; diet 3, high fat-low carbohydrate (20% soybean oil and 50.5% cornstarch). Insulin sensitivity was higher in the order of LF-HC, MF-HC and HF-LC diet groups (p<0.05), i.e, lipogenesis was higher at all insuline concentration in the explants from rats fed LF-HC diet. However, thers was no significant difference in body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue weight among treatments. Exp't II ; Effects of Energy Restriction on Insulin Sensitivity. Twelve rats were grouped into ad libitum feeding and restricted feeding(70% of ad libitum). The experimental diet was medium fat-medium carbohydrat diet as used in the Exp't I. Restricted feeding group tended to show higher insulin sensitivity compared to ad libitum group. However, there was no statistical difference between two groups. As expected, body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue were higher in the ad libitum group. In summary, the resutls of the current study showed that the epididymal adipose tissue taken from the rats fed low fat-high carbohydrate diet showed higher insulin sensitivity compared to those fed high fat-low carbohydrate, and that resticted feeding tended to elevate insulin sensitivity in these tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.433-439
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of calcium and phosphorus were determined for 8 female adolescents(aged 16.3$\pm$0.5y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine, and fecal composites were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period. Fecal excretion of calcium was significantly greater on the high Ca than on the basal Ca diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 40.9% on the basal Ca diet to 33.1% on the high Ca diet. There was no significant difference in calcium retention between the two diet periods but it tended to be greater on the high Ca diet. However, excretions and retention of phosphorus did not show any significant difference even though intake was significantly increased from 1,253mg on the basal Ca diet to 1,583mg on the high Ca diet. The results indicate that higher calcium intake than the Korean RDA level is recommended for adolescents to meet peak bone mineral accretion and attain a desirable level of calcium retention. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 433~439, 2001)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1348-1354
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• 2003

The feeding value of high-oil corn fed to Taiwan Country (TC) chicken was examined by measuring apparent metabolizable energy (AME), growth performance, sexual maturity, carcass characteristics, and plasma pigmentation. In a completely randomized design, 870 sex-intermingled one-wk-old chicks were assigned to one of 30 floor pens, 29 birds per pen, and each pen randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The experiment was ended when birds were 16 wk of age. The five dietary treatments varied in main fat sources, which were corn oil (CO), high-oil corn (HOC), lard (LRD), whole soybean (WSB) and yellow corn (YC), respectively. All the diets were formulated isonitrogenously, isocalorically, and of equal lysine and methionine contents except YC, in which equal amounts of YC replaced HOC. The results indicated that feed conversion in HOC was 8% higher (p<0.05) than YC whereas the calculated AME of HOC was only 3.5% to 4.0% higher than that of YC. No significant differences were observed in body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and ME efficiency for body weight gain among CO, HOC, LRD, and WSB. No significant differences existed in both skin and muscle pigmentation of breast among the five dietary treatments. No significance differences existed in plasma carotenoid content measured at various ages among the five dietary treatments except that birds fed with HOC had less (p<0.05) plasma carotenoids at 16 wk-old. The results indicate that if the price of high-oil corn is no more than 1.05 times that of yellow corn, the dietary cost per kg of body weight gain for TC chickens fed diets containing high-oil corn will be less, although their body weight may be lighter compared to chickens fed diets formulated with other fat sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.566-572
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• 1998

The present study examined the effects of excessive dietary protein and energy on growth response to clenbuterol in broilers. The chicks were allocated into 6 groups at 14d old, and used for a $3{\times}2$ factorial experiment. Birds were fed six diets, the control diet containing 21% crude protein (CP) and 3,100 kcal of metabolizable energy ME/kg, a high protein (30% CP) or a high energy (3,500 kcal/ ME/kg) diet, with or without 1 ppm clenbuterol, for 18 d. Clenbuterol feeding markedly decreased (p < 0.05) body weight gain by 23% in the high energy group. Feed intake was also decreased (p < 0.05) by clenbuterol administration across diet treatments. Abdominal fat weight was reduced (p < 0.05) by clenbuterol only when chickens were fed the high energy diet. Clenbuterol increased (p < 0.05) leg muscle weight in the control diet group, but decreased (p < 0.05) it in the high energy group. Muscle protein concentration was increased by 11 % in leg muscle only of the birds at the high energy level. In leg muscle, clenbuterol enhanced the protein/DNA ratio by 18%, except for the high protein group. These results indicate that feeding a diet containing excessive amounts of protein and more energy than normal did not necessarily improve growth response to clenbuterol.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.310-314
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• 2013

This study investigated the utilization of beef tallow and dextrin as non-protein energy sources in the diet of juvenile far eastern catfish Silurus asotus. Three replicated groups of juveniles (initial mean weight of 3.6 g) were fed diets containing high levels of beef tallow or dextrin for six weeks. The final mean weight of fish fed on a 17% lipid diet with a high level of beef tallow was significantly higher than that of fish fed on a 9% lipid diet with a high level of dextrin (P=0.04). No significant differences were observed in the feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed on the experimental diets. Crude lipid content and the C18:0, C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 contents of whole-body fish were significantly affected by diet (P<0.05). The results of this study suggest that beef tallow is better than dextrin as a non-protein energy source for improving the growth of juvenile far eastern catfish, and that beef tallow could be economically used as an ingredient in practical feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.861-882
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• 2000

The seed, or grain, of modern cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius, commonly known as Australian sweet lupins (ASL), is an established feed resource for the intensive animal industries of Australia, Japan, Korea and several other countries in Asia and Europe. Since the introduction of ASL to the world marketplace about 25 years ago, researchers in many countries have found them to be a valuable component of the diet of beef and dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, finfish and crustaceans. The seed of ASL contains ~32% crude protein (CP) (~35% DM basis) and 5% oil. The main storage carbohydrates in the seed are the ${\beta}$-galactans that comprise most of the cell-wall material of the kernel and the cellulose and hemicellulose of the thick seed coats. ASL seeds contain about 40% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and a negligible amount of starch. This makes them an excellent ingredient for ruminant diets, as the risk of acidosis is very low. The seed of modern cultivars of domesticated Lupinus species contain negligible amounts of lectins and trypsin inhibitors so they do not require preheating before being used as an ingredient in feeds for monogastric species. They have a high digestibility coefficient for protein, >90% for most species, but a low energy digestibility, ~60%, which is mostly due to the high content of NSP. The low content of methionine (0.22%) and of lysine (1.46%) is typical of the legumes. The lysine availability for pigs is >70%. Lupin kernels contain ~39% CP (~42% DM basis), 6% oil and 30% NSP. They have a higher digestible energy for pigs and finfish and a higher metabolisable energy for poultry than whole seed. Commercial operations rarely achieve complete separation of kernel from hull and it is more likely that the kernel fraction, called splits or meats, will contain ~36% CP. The replacement of soybean meal or peas with ASL in cereal-based diets for most intensively reared animals, birds and fish is possible provided lysine, methionine and digestible energy levels are kept constant. This makes ASL economically competitive in many, but not all, circumstances.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.474-482
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• 2007

Korea used to be a country where individuals ate diets high in vegetables and rice, but in recent years, it has become a country where western-style diets are increasingly popular. Consequently, the age for chronicle disease, including obesity and diabetes, has become lower. The purpose of this study was to compare the dietary habits of kindergarten children between lacto-ovo vegetarian and non-vegetarian families. The data were collected from the children(n=300) at Sahmyook University Kindergarten. The results showed that non-vegetarians had higher intakes of cookies, cakes, processed foods, ice cream, and fast foods, while vegetarian children consumed high amounts of vegetables, fruits, and kimchi. The non-vegetarian children tended to have irregular meals, and ate high-fat meats such as kalbi and samgyupsal. However, the results show it is important that many children among both vegetarian and non-vegetarian families should be encouraged to have appropriate essential nutrients, because a high percentage of children in both groups appeared to have low intakes of energy, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, calcium, zinc, iron, etc.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.817-823
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• 2000

Four groups of six growing gilts each were fed ad libitum diets composed of cereals and soyabean (SBM) or rapeseed (RSM) meal and containing two levels of crude protein: high - 18.0% (RSM-H) and 16.9% (SBM-H) or low - 15.6% (RSM-L) and 15.1% (SBM-L). The diets were balanced by supplementation with crystalline amino acids and contained apparent ileal digestible lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in proportions (1.00:0.32:0.57:0.18) according to CVB (1995). Voluntary feed intake, weight gain and slaughter and chemical body composition of animals were assessed. Protein and energy balances from 25 to 70 kg body weight were calculated by the comparative slaughter method. Protein source had a significant effect on voluntary feed intake; it was 0.12 kg/d lower in pigs fed the SBM than RSM-diets. Pigs fed on the SBM-L diet consumed the least amount of feed (2.17 kg). Daily gain (average, $900{\pm}12.59g$) and feed conversion ratio ($2.54{\pm}0.04kg/kg$) were not statistically affected by source (SMB and RSM) and protein level (high and low). In empty body similar amounts (g/kg) of protein (163 g), water (635 g) and ash (28 g) were found. However, pigs fed the RSM-L diet were fatter than those fed the SBM-L diet (188 vs. 161 g/kg). No statistical differences were observed in daily protein deposition, which on average amounted to $142{\pm}11g$, or carcass characteristics. An improvement of crude protein utilization by 6.3 percentage units was found by decreasing the protein concentration in the diets. Heat production in the body was not significantly affected by the treatments.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

산란계에 대한 오전사료와 오후사료의 영양수준 및 급여방법이 산란능력과 경제성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 2개의 실험을 실시하였는데, 실험 1에서는 ISA Broun 갈색산란계 384수를 4처리 3반복, 반복당 32수씩을 공시하여 28~38주령에 2주간의 예비사양기간을 거쳐 본 시험 8주간 실시하였다. 대조구(C)는 관행적인 산란계 단일 배합사료를 급여하였고, 시험구들(T1, T2 및 T3)은 고에너지-고단백질-저 Ca의 오전사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 오후사료를 별도로 급여하였다. 실험 2는 “ISA Brown” 갈색 산란계 384수를 3처리 4반복, 반복당 32수씩을 공시하여 48 ~ 58주령에 2주간의 예비사양기간을 거쳐 본 시험 8주간 실시하였다. 대조구(C)는 관행적인 산란계 단일 배합사료를 급여하였고, T1은 고에너지-고단백질-저Ca의 오전사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 오후사료를 별도로 급여하였고, T2는 오전사료를 분말로 하고 오후사료를 펠렛으로 가공하여 50：50으로 혼합급여 하였다. 실험 1에서 헨데이 산란율과 평균난중 및 1일 1수당사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구들(T1-T3)간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 1일 1수당 ME, CP 섭취량 및 사료비는 대조구에 비해 시험구들(T1-T3)이 유의적으로 적었고(P<0.05), 시험구들간에는 오후사료의 ME및 CP 수준이 감소하고 Ca수준이 높아질수록 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 산란 개당 및 산란 kg당 사료, ME CP요구량과 사료비도 모두 대조구에 비해 시험구(T1-T3)들이 유의적으로 적었으며(P<0.05), 시험구들 간에는 오후사료의 Ca함량이 대조구에 비해 4배가 많은 73처리가 사료요구량에서 71과 72보다 많았고(P<0.05), 오후사료의 ME와 CP수준이 감소하고 Ca수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 계란의 비중과 난각강도 및 난각후도 등 난각질은 모두 대조구에 비해 시험구(71-73)들이 유의적으로 향상되었고(P<0.05),오후사료의 Ca수준이 증가할수록 향상되는 경향을 보였다. 실험 2에서 헨데이 산란율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 평균난중과 1일 1수당 사료섭취량은 대조구에 비해 오전사료와 오후사료의 별도급여구(T1)와 혼합급여구(T2)가 감소하는 경향을 보였다(P<0.05). 1일 1수당 ME, CP섭취량 및 사료비는 모두 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), T1과 T2간에는 유의차가 없었다. 산란 개당 ME와 CP요구량 및 사료비는 모두 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 산란kg 당 사료, ME, CP요구량 및 사료비는 모두 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 계란의 비중과 난각후도는 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 향상되었고(P<0.05), 난각강도는 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, T1과 T2구가 대조구보다 향상되는 경향을 보였다. 본 시험 결과 오전용 사료는 관행적인 산란계 배합사료에서 Ca공급제를 제외한 것을 급여하고, 오후용 사료는 Ca공급제를 3배 첨가한 T2처리로 15:00~16:00시에 교체급여를 하면 사료섭취량 감소와 사료비 절감면에서 바람직할 것으로 사료되며, 고에너지-고단백질-저Ca의 분말사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 펠렛사료를 혼합급여하면 산란계의 사료섭취 량과 사료비를 절감할 수 있었으며, 오전사료와 오후사료 별도급여의 번거로움을 피할 수 있는 사양체계로 기대가 되나 보다 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.