• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.438-447
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to investigate the physiochemical properties and antioxidative activity of red ginseng manufactured using the high temperature high pressure (HTHP) process, which is faster and simpler than the conventional process. According to increasing the steaming temperature, pressure and time, the content of minor non-polar ginsenosides, such as Rg3, Rk3, Rh4, Rk1 and Rg5 gradually increased. Also, the contents of acidic polysaccharide, total phenolic compounds and maltol gradually increased. Based on the results of the physiochemical properties and appearance quality, the optimum conditions of HTHP process were estimated as $140^{\circ}C$, $3kg/cm^2$ in 20 min. The total phenolic compounds and maltol contents of the HTHP process red ginseng (1.0% and 2.49 mg%, respectively) were higher than those of conventional red ginseng (0.23% and 0.60 mg%, respectively). In addition, the antioxidative activity was investigated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-aziono-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging activity. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of HTHP process red ginseng increased by 3.4 and 3.6 folds, respectively, compared with conventional red ginseng. In addition, total phenolic compounds and maltol contents, as well as the antioxidant activity of the HTHP process red ginseng were similar to black ginseng. The present results suggest that the HTHP process is available for the development of value-added red ginseng products.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.367-376
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate 1he quality characteristics of 1he soybean anchovy sauces added with medicinal herbs, Saururu chinensis Baill. and Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and fermented for 4 months. The total nitrogen content of 1he soybean anchovy sauce increased with the fermentation time showing the highest values in the sauce with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.. The contents of total sugar and reduced sugar were high in the order of the sauces with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.(sauce T), with Saururu chinensis Baill.(sauce B), and control. The content of salt decreased much more in the sauces with medicinal herbs. After 4 months of fermentation, pH was lowered from 5.86 to 5.27 in control, to 5.38 and 5.54 in sauce B and sauce T, respectively. Generally the total aerobic bacterial count increased until 3 months of fermentation and then decreased, and the addition of medicinal hems reduced the count especially showing apparent reduction in the sauce T. During the fermentation, total protease activity generally increased with the highest value in the sauce T. In the changes of nucleotides and their related compounds, the contents of AMP, ADP, and ATP were increased and hypoxanthine decreased during the fermentation, and IMP produced after 3 months. The soybean anchovy sauce B had 1he highest IMP and the lowest hypoxanthine after 4 months. The content of total amino acids increased showing 177.1 mg% and 134.7 mg% in the sauce B and sauce T respectively compared with 171.2 mg% of control. The contents of glutamic acid and aspartic acid were 29.2 mg% in sauce B and 34.3 mg% in sauce T, which were higher compared with 25.9 mg% of control. The fermented soybean anchovy sauce had 1he functionality of ACE inhibition with 70.5% (control), 72.5% (sauce B) and 81.6% (sauce T). In the results of sensory evaluation, the sance T scored the highest and the sauce B was preferred to control.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-234
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• 1974

A series of experiments was conducted to study the behavior of the phosphorus added to the soils having the high phorphorus fixing capacity derived from volcanic ash in Cheju Island. Soil samples were taken from different depths of 0-10, 10-30, and 30-50cm in six citrus orchards where heavy application of phosphate fertilizer has been practised. Various forms of phosphorus were determined and phosphorus adsorption experiments were performed. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The content of inorganic phosphorus fractions determined by the method of Chang and Jackson was: water soluble P

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.921-926
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• 2008

Wild grapes contain lots of organic acids, vitamins and inorganic salts compared to other fruits. Also, it has known to have excellent effects on preventing cancer and heart disease. Wild grapes are supposed to be superior material for fermentation of wine. Tannin contents of wine, which is an important functional factor in flavor of wine, were enhanced to develop quality of Korean wild grape wine. In this study, we investigated tannin extraction conditions and analyzed quality properties of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine. The most suitable tannin extraction condition for enhancing tannin of wild grape wine was extraction of tannin from green tea using spirits at 4oC. For producing high quality wild grape wine, added concentration and time of tannin extract were 6.5 mg/mL before wild grape wine fermentation. Tannin contents of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine was $7.4{\pm}0.05\;mg/mL$. Quality properties of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine fermented under optimized fermentation conditions were analyzed. pH, acidity and alcohol contents were $3.69{\pm}0.01$, $0.95{\pm}0.01%$ and $12.2{\pm}0.03%$, respectively. Total sugar, tannin, polyphenol and resveratrol contents of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine were $60.00{\pm}1.15\;mg/mL$, $79.50{\pm}0.55\;mg/mL$, $7.40{\pm}0.05\;mg/mL$ and $5.00{\pm}0.11\;mg/mL$, respectively showing significantly higher value than that of commercial wine. Production of high quality wild grape wine is expected with the establishment of optimum fermentation condition and tannin-enhancing process of wild grape wine.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.674-682
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• 2015

In this study, vinegar was produced using urushiol-free fermented Rhus verniciflua extract to create a lacquer with added value. The effect of manufacturing conditions on the quality of vinegar using detoxified R. verniciflua extract for fermentation was investigated. The acidity of the vinegar for inoculations with various liquid starter contents was 4.8~4.9%, and it was similar among all treatment groups. The acidity of vinegar was higher when the initial alcohol content was high. The acetic acid yields were 82.8%, 84.4%, 77.7%, and 69.5%, and the maximum yield was observed when the initial alcohol content was 6%. For acetic acid fermentation using different amounts of detoxified R. verniciflua extracts, the acidity of the vinegar with the extract after fermentation was 5.3~5.9%. However, the acidity of vinegar without the extract was 5.5%. The intensity of the brown color was high for vinegar without the extract. Hunter's L values were high for vinegar with an extract content of 2%. Acetic acid (53.3~65.8 mg/mL) was the predominant acid. Arginine ($190.3{\sim}333.3{\mu}g/mL$), proline ($125.6{\sim}290.8{\mu}g/mL$), alanine ($126.1{\sim}270.9{\mu}g/mL$), and glutamic acid ($159.0{\sim}262.4{\mu}g/mL$) were the predominant amino acids in detoxified R. verniciflua vinegar.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 2018

This study was carried out to improve the forest management method considering the use of high value added timber in the natural broadleaf forests. For this purpose, the criteria for evaluating the quality grade of standing trees were established and applied to the oak stand in the central region of Korea. The evaluation factors of the grade were bending of stem, branch, stem damage, and other defects. If the logs are divided into 2.1 m units and three logs up to 6.3 m are available, they are classified as Grade I (G-I). If two logs are available, they are classified as Grade II (G-II), If only one log is available, it is classified as Grade III (G-III). When any log is not available as timber, it is classified as Grade IV (G-IV). As a result of applying the grade to the oak stand, G-I was 6.7 %, G-II was 28.0 %, G-III was 38.3 %, and G-IV was 27.0 %. The ratio of standing trees by oak species of higher than G-III was 88.2 % for Quercus acutissima, 88.1 % for Q. variabilis, 83.5 % for Q. serrata, 56.3 % for Q. aliena, and 50.3 % for Q. mongolica, respectively. The G-IV ratio for Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica tended to decrease with increasing diameter at breast height. The order of major defect affecting the grading level was bending of stem > branch > stem damage > other defects. Considering the grade level and oak species distribution, it was concluded possible to produce high quality hardwood timber when we concentrate forest tending techniques on Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stand. In order to improve the accuracy of grading, it is necessary to continuous complement through the monitoring research for evaluation factors.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.517-527
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• 2023

This study aimed to examine the possibility of upcycling extracts of Angelica keiskei and Oenanthe javanica juice by-products through comparing enzyme extraction (EE) and complex extraction (CE) methods to increase the extraction yield and flavor of materials. A higher extraction yield was obtained for free amino acid content with EE and CE for A. keiskei and O. javanica juice by-products, respectively, and a higher extraction efficiency was achieved with juice by-products than with extracts prepared from raw materials before juice production. The content of major amino acids varied depending on the extraction method used. When used according to the characteristics of the extract, their use as a functional material was confirmed along with improvement in the flavor of the food. Consistently high extraction yields for organic acid and sugar levels were obtained with CE in A. keiskei and O. javanica juice by-products. The DPPH radical scavenging ability and TPC were consistently high with CE in A. keiskei and O. javanica juice by-products; the increase in extracted content was likely because of the reaction between the ethanol used for CE and the phenolic compounds. However, because the antioxidant capacity of the juice by-product extracts was somewhat lower than that of the extracts from raw materials before juice production, the amount used should be reviewed. The TFC was found to be higher in extracts obtained with EE than with CE for A. keiskei juice by-products; however, no significant difference was observed between EE and CE in the O. javanica juice by-products. Through this study, the taste compounds and antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from juice by-products produced after the production of A. keiskei and O. javanica green juice were analyzed, and the availability of high value-added materials was confirmed. Based on these research results, expanding specific R&D for practical use should be explored.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2016

In this study, furfural, which is one of the value-added chemicals, was produced from the hydrolyzate of Quercus mongolica using dilute acid pretreatment, and the optimal pretreatment condition was determined by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to obtain high yield of furfural. Based on Central Composite Design, the pretreatment experiment was designed with parameters such as reaction temperature ($X_1$), acid concentration ($X_2$), and reaction time ($X_3$) as independent variables, while dependent variable was furfural concentration (Y), and furfural yield (Z) was shown as percentage of Y per a dry weight basis. According to results of RSM, it was confirmed that reaction temperature ($X_1$) was the most influence factor and reaction temperature ($X_1$)-acid concentration ($X_2$) was the most significant interaction factor on furfural yield. Also, the optimal condition for the highest furfural yield was predicted at reaction temperature of $184^{\circ}C$, acid concentration of 1.17%, and reaction time of 5 min by RSM, and expected maximum yield of furfural was 6.37%. Experimentally, the maximum yield of furfural produced at above optimal condition was 6.21%, and it was considerably similar with the predicted value, and therefore the model for furfural production from the hydrolyzate of Quercus mongolica during dilute acid pretreatment could be built using RSM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1467-1475
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• 2016

To make soft and less stale bread, various amounts of gelatinized wheat flour dough were added for making pan bread. In the dough process, higher gelatinized wheat flour dough showed higher consistency and dough development time but a lower dough stability time. Expansion during fermentation represented the highest value upon addition of 10% gelatinized wheat flour dough (GWFD), and this value decreased with increasing amount of gelatinized wheat flour dough. Volume of bread was the highest in the control and lowest in 30% GWFD, and there was no difference between 10% GWFD and 20% GWFD. Moisture contents of bread made with various amounts of gelatinized wheat flour dough increased with increasing gelatinized wheat flour dough amount. Color values of bread made with various gelatinized wheat flour dough were not significantly different. Chewiness, brittleness, and hardness of bread made with control and 10% GWFD showed low values, whereas bread made with 20% GWFD and 30% GWFD showed high values. During storage, chewiness, brittleness, and hardness increased with increasing storage period in whole breads, whereas breads made with 10% GWFD showed the lowest increasing rate. In the sensory strength test, chewy texture increased upon addition of gelatinized wheat flour dough. In the consumer acceptance test, 10% GWFD showed the most overall acceptance. In conclusion, bread made with 10% gelatinized wheat flour dough is desirable for increasing softness and decreasing bread staling.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.1 s.112
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• pp.106-120
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• 2006

Natural or man-made disaster has been expected to be one of the potential themes that can integrate human geography and physical geography. Typhoons like Rusa and Maemi caused great loss to insurance companies as well as public sectors. We have implemented a natural disaster management system for a private insurance company to produce better estimation of hazards from high wind as well as calculate vulnerability of damage. Climatic gauge sites and addresses of contract's objects were geo-coded and the pressure values along all the typhoon tracks were vectorized into line objects. National GIS topog raphic maps with scale of 1: 5,000 were updated into base maps and digital elevation model with 30 meter space and land cover maps were used for reflecting roughness of land to wind velocity. All the data are converted to grid coverage with $1km{\times}1km$. Vulnerability curve of Munich Re was ad opted, and preprocessor and postprocessor of wind velocity model was implemented. Overlapping the location of contracts on the grid value coverage can show the relative risk, with given scenario. The wind velocities calculated by the model were compared with observed value (average $R^2=0.68$). The calibration of wind speed models was done by dropping two climatic gauge data, which enhanced $R^2$ values. The comparison of calculated loss with actual historical loss of the insurance company showed both underestimation and overestimation. This system enables the company to have quantitative data for optimizing the re-insurance ratio, to have a plan to allocate enterprise resources and to upgrade the international creditability of the company. A flood model, storm surge model and flash flood model are being added, at last, combined disaster vulnerability will be calculated for a total disaster management system.