• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2013

ZnO thin films co-doped with Mg and Ga (MxGyZzO, x + y + z = 1, x = 0.05, y = 0.02 and z = 0.93) were prepared on glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering with different sputtering powers ranging from 100W to 200W at a substrate temperature of $350^{\circ}C$. The effects of the sputtering power on the structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties of MGZO thin films were investigated. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that all the MGZO thin films were grown as a hexagonal wurtzite phase with the preferred orientation on the c-axis without secondary phases such as MgO, $Ga_2O_3$, or $ZnGa_2O_4$. The intensity of the diffraction peak from the (0002) plane of the MGZO thin films was enhanced as the sputtering power increased. The (0002) peak positions of the MGZO thin films was shifted toward, a high diffraction angle as the sputtering power increased. Cross-sectional field emission scanning electron microscopy images of the MGZO thin films showed that all of these films had a columnar structure and their thickness increased with an increase in the sputtering power. MGZO thin film deposited at the sputtering power of 200W showed the best electrical characteristics in terms of the carrier concentration ($4.71{\times}10^{20}cm^{-3}$), charge carrier mobility ($10.2cm^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$) and a minimum resistivity ($1.3{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}cm$). A UV-visible spectroscopy assessment showed that the MGZO thin films had high transmittance of more than 80 % in the visible region and that the absorption edges of MGZO thin films were very sharp and shifted toward the higher wavelength side, from 270 nm to 340 nm, with an increase in the sputtering power. The band-gap energy of MGZO thin films was widened from 3.74 eV to 3.92 eV with the change in the sputtering power.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-84
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• 2012

Nano-magnetic materials such as iron-nitrides have been actively studied as an alternative to the application of high density, high performance needs for next generation information storage and also alternative to the rare earth and neodymium magnet. $Fe_4N$ is the basic materials for magnetic storage media and is one of the important magnetic materials in focus because of its higher magnetic recording density and chemical stability. Single phase ${\gamma}^{\prime}-Fe_4N$ nanoparticles have been prepared by a PAD (Plasma Arc Discharge) method and nitriding in a $NH_3-H_2$ mixed gases at temperature, $400^{\circ}C$ for 4 hrs. Also $Fe_{17}Sm_2N_x$ powders were synthesized by nitriding after reduction/diffusion of $Fe_{17}Sm_2$ to compare the magnetic properties with nano-sized $Fe_4N$ particles. The saturation magnetization of $Fe_4N$ and $Fe_{17}Sm_2N_x$ were 149 and 117 emu/g, respectively, but the coercive force was considerably smaller than that of bulk or acicular $Fe_4N$.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.183-188
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• 2004

In order to develop polymer electrolyte for lithium/sulfur batteries, highly microporous P(VdF-HFP) membranes were prepared by phase inversion method. Porous structure was controlled by extracting NMP with mixture of deionized water and methanol. Porous structure of the membranes was observed with SEM. Polymer electrolytes were prepared by soaking the porous membranes in 1M $LiCF_3SO_3-TEGDME/EC$. The ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte was found to be at high as $2\times10^{-3}S/cm$ when the polymer membrane extracted by $80\%$ methanol was used. The microporous polymer electrolyte optimized in this work displayed high ionic conductivity, uniform pore size, low interfacial resistance and stable ionic conductivity with storage time. The ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes was measured with various lithium salts, and the conductivity showed $3.3\times10^{-3}S/cm$ at room temperature when $LiPF_6$ was used as a lithium salt.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.340-346
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• 2002

Capacitor material utilized in the downsizing passive devices and integration of passive devices requires the physical and electrical properties at given area such as capacitor thickness reduction, relative dielectric constant increase, low leakage current and thermal stability. common capacitor materials, $Al_2O_3$, $SiO_2$, $Si_3N_4$, $SiO_2$/$Si_3N_4$, TaN and et al., used until recently have reached their physical limits in their application to integration of passive devices. $Ta_2O_{5}$ is known to be a good alternative to the existing materials for the capacitor application because of its high dielectric constant (25~35), low leakage current and high breakdown strength. Despite the numerous investigations of $Ta_2O_{5}$ material, there have little been established the clear understanding of the annealing effect on capacitance characteristic and conduction mechanism. This study presents the dielectric properties $Ta_2O_{5}$ MIM capacitor structure Processed by $O_2$ RTA oxidation. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the existence of amorphous phase in $600^{\circ}C$ annealing under the $O_2$ RTA and the formation of preferentially oriented-$Ta_2O_{5}$ in 650, $700^{\circ}C$ annealing and the AES depth profile showed $O_2$ RTA oxidation effect gives rise to the $O_2$ deficientd into the new layer. The leakage current density respectively, at 3~1l$\times$$10_{-2}$(kV/cm) were $10_{-3}$~$10_{-6}$(A/$\textrm{cm}^2$). In addition, behavior is stable irrespective of applied electric field. the frequency vs capacitance characteristic enhanced stability more then $Ta_2O_{5}$ thin films obtained by $O_2$ reactive sputtering. The capacitance vs voltage measurement that, Vfb(flat-band voltage) was increase dependance on the $O_2$ RTA oxidation temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.24-27
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• 2008

We have prepared $MnFe_2O_4$ nanoparticles with polyol method. The crystallographic and magnetic properties were measured by using X-ray diffraction(XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) and $M\"{o}ssbauer$ spectroscopy. The high resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM) shows uniform nanoparticle-sizes with $6{\sim}8$ nm. The crystal structure is found to be single-phase cubic spinel with space group of Fd3m. The lattice constant of $MnFe_2O_4$ nanparticles is determined to be $8.418{\pm}0.001{\AA}$. $M\"{o}ssbauer$ spectrum of $MnFe_2O_4$ nanparticles at room temperature(RT) shows a superparamagnetic behavior. In VSM analysis, the diagnosis of the superparamagnetic behavior is also shown in hysteresis loop at RT. $M\"{o}ssbauer$ spectrum at 4.2K shows that the well developed two sextets are with different hyperfine field $H_{hfA}=498$(A-site) and $H_{hfB}=521$(B-site) kOe.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1056-1063
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• 2006

Thermal evaporated 10 nm-Ni/l nm-Ir/(or polycrystalline)p-Si(100) and 10 nm-$Ni_{50}Co_{50}$/(or polycrystalline)p-Si(100) films were thermally annealed using rapid thermal annealing fur 40 sec at $300{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$. The annealed bilayer structure developed into Ni(Ir or Co)Si and resulting changes in sheet resistance, microstructure, phase and composition were investigated using a four-point probe, a scanning electron microscopy, a field ion beam, an X-ray diffractometer and an Auger electron spectroscope. The final thickness of Ir- and Co-inserted nickel silicides on single crystal silicon was approximately 20$\sim$40 nm and maintained its sheet resistance below 20 $\Omega$/sq. after the silicidation annealing at $1000^{\circ}C$. The ones on polysilicon had thickness of 20$\sim$55 nm and remained low resistance up to $850^{\circ}C$. A possible reason fur the improved thermal stability of the silicides formed on single crystal silicon substrate is the role of Ir and Co in preventing $NiSi_2$ transformation. Ir and Co also improved thermal stability of silicides formed on polysilicon substrate, but this enhancement was lessened due to the formation of high resistant phases and also a result of silicon mixing during high temperature diffusion. Ir-inserted nickel silicides showed surface roughness below 3 nm, which is appropriate for nano process. In conclusion, the proposed Ir- and Co- inserted nickel silicides may be superior over the conventional nickel monosilicides due to improved thermal stability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.282-286
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• 2002

Objectives : The level of 4-hydroxyproline (4-Hyp) in human urine was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. This method is useful for medical examinations and investigating the radicals induced by physical, chemical, mental stresses. This method is superior to many published several methods in terms of its low cost and ability to analyze many samples. Methods : The urine from workers in a tire manufacturing company (22 male pre- and post-shift workers) and 18 office-workers as controls were analyzed. Data concerning age, the cumulative drinking amount and the cumulative smoking amount was collected with a questionnaire. The optimum applied amount of dansyl-Cl, the optimum reaction temperature and time, the recoveries and the optimum pH of the eluent and buffer were determined.4-Hyp from human urine was derivatized with dansyl-Cl (dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride) after removing the a-amino acid by a treatment with phthalic dicarboxaldehyde (OPA) and cleaned with Bond Elut C18 column. The 4-Hyp derivatives were separated on a reversed phase column by gradient elution with a phosphate buffer (5 mmol, pH 8.0) and acetonitrile, and detected by fluorescence measurements at 340 nm (excitation) and 538 nm (emission). Results : The detection limit for the urinary free 4-Hyp was $0.364{\mu}mol/l$. The recovery rate of 4-Hyp was 99.7%, and the effective pH of the phosphate buffer and borate buffer were 3.0 and 8.0, respectively. From statistical analysis, age, drinking and smoking did not affect the urinary free 4-Hyp in both the controls and workers. The range of urinary 4-Hyp in the controls, pre-shift, and post-shift workers were 0.33-16.44, N.D-49.06, and $0.32-56.27{\mu}mol/l$. From the pared-sample t-test, the urinary 4-Hyp levels in post-shift workers ($11.82{\pm}6.73\;nmmol/mg\;Cre$) were 2-fold higher than in pre-shift workers ($5.36{\pm}5.53\;nmol;/mg\;Cre$) and controls ($4.91{\pm}4.89\;nmol;/mg\;Cre$). Conclusions : This method was developed with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The present method was effectively applied to analyze the urinary free 4-Hyp in both controls and workers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2019

Wheat germ, which is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals, is a by-product during the milling process of wheat kernel. In this study, we aimed to increase the amount of bioactive 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DMBQ) in wheat germ using the cell-wall-degrading enzyme cellulase (Celluclast 1.5L). The amounts of organic acids, free sugars, and 2,6-DMBQ in wheat germ treated with Celluclast 1.5L were evaluated at various reaction times and temperatures. The results of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of Celluclast 1.5L-treated wheat germ revealed 2,6-DMBQ, four organic acids (tartaric, acetic, lactic, and succinic acids), and three free sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose). As reaction time and temperature of the mixture of wheat germ and Celluclast 1.5L increased, the contents of four organic acids, glucose, fructose, and 2,6-DMBQ increased, but that of sucrose decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that Celluclast 1.5L-treated wheat germ containing increased amounts of 2,6-DMBQ serves as a source of functional ingredients in food industry.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2021

In this study, (GaN)_1-x(ZnO)_x solid solution nanoparticles with a high zinc content are prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and subsequent nitridation. The structure and morphology of the samples are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The characterization results show a phase transition from the Zn and Ga-based oxides (ZnO or ZnGa₂O₄) to a (GaN)_1-x(ZnO)_x solid solution under an NH3 atmosphere. The effect of the precursor solution concentration and nitridation temperature on the final products are systematically investigated to obtain (GaN)_1-x(ZnO)_x nanoparticles with a high Zn concentration. It is confirmed that the powder synthesized from the solution in which the ratio of Zn and Ga was set to 0.8:0.2, as the initial precursor composition was composed of about 0.8-mole fraction of Zn, similar to the initially set one, through nitriding treatment at 700℃. Besides, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited the typical XRD pattern of (GaN)_1-x(ZnO)_x, and a strong absorption of visible light with a bandgap energy of approximately 2.78 eV, confirming their potential use as a hydrogen production photocatalyst.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2021

The water resistance is important factor for sunscreen formulations. Generally a sunscreen cream was formulated by a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. In the W/O emulsion system, silicone oils are added to improve the texture of formulations. Silicone oils have low compatibility with organic sunscreen agent, causing problems with the stability in emulsion. In this study, the compatibility between various oils in the W/O emulsion was derived numerically using Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) at first. HSP is represented a dispersion degree, a polarity, and a hydrgen bond in a composition. In this study, various emulsions were prepared according to the types of oils with different HSP values and then monitored by a viscosity and morphology according to the time and temperature. The HSP values of components and the experimental results have similar activities for the stability of emulsions. HSP made it easy to select oil with high compatibility. When the compatibility of the oil phase in the W/O emulsion was high, the viscosity change over time was small. The stability was improved under the freeze-thaw cycle (-15 ℃ ~ 45 ℃). In the future, if the composition of the ingredients is optimized through HSP, it is expected that it will be helpful in the development of W/O type sunscreen formulations that are excellent in use and stability.