• 소성∙가공
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2000

Dynamic recrystallization (DRX), which may occur during hot deformation, is important for the microsturctural evolution of 304 stainless steel. Especially, the current interest in modelling hot rolling demands quantitative relationships among the thermomechanical process variables, such as strain, temperature, strain rate, and etc. Thus, this paper individually presents the relationships for flow stress and volume fraction of DRX as a function of processing variables using torsion tests. The hot torsion tests of 304 stainless steel were performed at the temperature range of 900~110$0^{\circ}C$ and the strain rate range of 5x10-2~5s-1 to study the high temperature softening behavior. For the exact prediction of flow stress, the equation was divided into two regions, the work hardening (WH) and dynamic recovery (DRV) region and the DRX region. Especially, The flow stress of DRX region could be expressed by using the volume fraction of DRX (XDRX). Since XDRX was consisted of the critical strain($\varepsilon$c) for initiation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and the strain for maximum softening rate ($\varepsilon$*), that were related with the evolution of microstructure. The calculated results predicted the flow stress and the microstructure of the alloy at any deformation conditions well.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제14권8호통권80호
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• pp.681-688
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• 2005

The high-temperature deformation mechanisms of a ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), near-a titanium alloy (Ti-6.85Al-1.6V) and a single-phase a titanium alloy (Ti-7.0Al-1.5V) were deduced within the framework of inelastic-deformation theory. For this purpose, load relaxation tests were conducted on three alloys at temperatures ranging from 750 to $950^{\circ}C$. The stress-versus-strain rate curves of both alloys were well fitted with inelastic-deformation equations based on grain matrix deformation and grain-boundary sliding. The constitutive analysis revealed that the grain-boundary sliding resistance is higher in the near-${\alpha}$ alloy than in the two-phase ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ alloy due to the difficulties in relaxing stress concentrations at the triple-junction region in the near-${\alpha}$ alloy. In addition, the internal-strength parameter (${\sigma}^*$) of the near-${\alpha}$ alloy was much higher than that of the ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ alloy, thus implying that dislocation emission/ slip transfer at ${\alpha}/{\alpha}$ boundaries is more difficult than at ${\alpha}/{\beta}$ boundaries.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Transmission tower-line system is one of most critical lifeline systems to cities. However, it is found that the transmission tower-line system is prone to be damaged by earthquakes in past decades. To mitigate seismic demands, this study introduces a tuned-mass damper (TMD) using superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) spring for the system. In addition, considering the dynamic characteristics of both tower-line system and SMA are affected by temperature change. Particular attention is paid on the effect of temperature variation on seismic behavior. In doing so, the SMA-TMD is installed into the system, and its properties are optimized through parametric analyses. The considered temperature range is from -40 to $40^{\circ}C$. The seismic control effect of using SMA-TMD is investigated under the considered temperatures. Interested seismic performance indices include peak displacement and peak acceleration at the tower top and the height-wise deformation. Parametric analyses on seismic intensity and frequency ratio were carried out as well. This study indicates that the nonlinear behavior of SMA-TMD is critical to the control effect, and proper tuning before application is advisable. Seismic demand mitigation is always achieved in this wide temperature range, and the control effect is increased at high temperatures.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2003

High temperature deformation and softening behavior of SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) has been investigated in connection with an FEM analysis of hot forging process. Flow curves at various strain rates and temperatures were determined first from compression tests, and the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization were also formulated through the analysis of load relaxation test results. Using the dynamic materials theory proposed by Prasad, the deformation behavior was effectively determined for various conditions. Constitutive relations and recrystallization kinetics formulated from the test results were then implemented in a commercial FEM code. The forming load as well as the distribution of recrystallized volume fraction after forging was successfully predicted by means of the flow stress compensation formulated upon the volume fraction of recrystallization and adiabatic heating.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.625-636
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• 2017

본 연구는 프리캐스트 콘크리트궤도의 온도 변화에 따른 거동과 초기 변형 특성을 규명하고, 궤도 슬래브의 초기 변형과 온도 경사에 의한 변형이 열차하중에 의한 슬래브의 응력 분포에 미치는 영향을 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 논문은 2개의 논문 중 첫 번째 논문으로 이 논문에서는 프리캐스트 콘크리트궤도의 변형과 응력을 계산할 수 있는 유한요소 해석모델을 제시하였으며, 현장에 부설된 프리캐스트 콘크리트궤도에서 측정한 온도 분포와 변위를 해석 결과와 비교하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면 초기 변형에 의해 슬래브는 항상 상방향 컬링(curl-up)이 있는 상태에 있고, 측정된 깊이별 온도를 입력으로 하여 구한 슬래브 수직 변위와 계측 변위를 비교하면 초기 변형에 상응하는 슬래브 상하부 온도차, 즉 유효 내재 온도차(EBITD)를 결정할 수 있으며, EBITD를 적절히 가정하면 해석 변위와 계측 변위가 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.3379-3397
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• 2021

In this study, a multi-physics modeling method was developed to analyze a nuclear fuel rod's thermo-mechanical behavior especially for high temperature anisotropic creep deformation during ballooning and burst occurring in Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). Based on transient heat transfer and nonlinear mechanical analysis, the present work newly incorporated the nuclear fuel rod's special characteristics which include gap heat transfer, temperature and burnup dependent material properties, and especially for high temperature creep with material anisotropy. The proposed method was tested through various benchmark analyses and showed good agreements with analytical solutions. From the validation study with a cladding burst experiment which postulates the LOCA scenario, it was shown that the present development could predict the ballooning and burst behaviors accurately and showed the capability to predict anisotropic creep behavior during the LOCA. Moreover, in order to verify the anisotropic creep methodology proposed in this study, the comparison between modeling and experiment was made with isotropic material assumption. It was found that the present methodology with anisotropic creep could predict ballooning and burst more accurately and showed more realistic behavior of the cladding.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2009년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.19.1-19.1
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• 2009

Open-cell Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Al(with gamma/gamma prime microstructure typical of Bi-base super alloys) foams are manufactured by pack-cementation at $1000{\boxplus}$degrees C, followed by homogenization at $1200{\boxplus}C$. The resulting alloyed foams retain the low relative densities (less than 3.5 wt.%). The oxidation behavior of Ni-Cr foams turns out to be identical to that of bulk Ni-Cr alloys, after taking into account the foam's higher surface area. The room-temperature compressive behavior of the Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Al is compared to model predictions. Additionally, the foam creep behavior, measured between 680 and $825{\boxplus}C$ in the stress range of 0.1-0.3 MPa, compared to two analytical models, namely strut compression and strut bending as high-temperature deformation modes.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호통권35호
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• pp.201-209
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• 1998

강섬유보강 적층복합구조물에서 온도의 변화는 구조물의 응답에 중요한 영향을 미칠수 있다. 온도의 급작스런 변화는 재료의 강도와 성질을 현저히 저하시켜 구조물의 대변형, 좌굴, 고응력상태를 유발하는 중요한 인자가 된다. 본 연구에서는 등분포로 재하된 온도하중에 의한 적층복합판의 온도좌굴에 관한 해석을 수행하였다. 전단변형의 효과를 정확히 고려하기위해 5개의 변수로 구성된 고차전단변형이론을 적용하였다. 적층판의 배열각도, 적층판의 수, 폭-두께비의 변화, 형상비의 변화에 따른 임계좌굴온도를 구하여 1차전단변형이론에 의한 결과와 고전적이론에 의한 결과와 비교분석하였다.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2020

High-temperature mechanical behaviors of Type 316L stainless steel (SS), which is considered as one of the major structural materials of Generation-IV nuclear reactors, were investigated through the tension and creep tests at elevated temperatures. The tension tests were performed under the strain rate of 6.67×10^-4 (1/s) from room temperature to 650℃, and the creep tests were conducted under different applied stresses at 550℃, 600℃, 650℃, and 700℃. The tensile behavior was investigated, and the modeling equations for tensile strengths and elongation were proposed as a function of temperature. The creep behavior was analyzed in terms of various creep equations: Norton's power law, modified Monkman-Grant relation, damage tolerance factor(λ), and Z-parameter, and the creep constants were proposed. In addition, the tested tensile and creep strengths were compared with those of RCC-MRx. Results showed that creep exponent value decreased from n=13.55 to n=7.58 with increasing temperature, λ = 6.3, and Z-parameter obeyed well a power-law form of Z=5.79E52(σ/E)^9.12. RCC-MRx showed lower creep strength and marginally different in creep strain rate, compared to the tested results. Same creep deformation was operative for dislocation movement regardless of the temperatures.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 1997

When crystalline rocks are heated, thermal stress is induced by the differences in thermal expansion of the mineral composition and its orientation. In this study, high temperature uniaxial compressive tests were carried out for Iksan and Hwangdeung granites to study the deformation and failure behavior due to thermal loading. Compressive and tensile strength of Hwangdeung granite for 20$0^{\circ}C$ decreased to 80% and 82% of the room temperature strength, and those of Iksan granite decreased to 90% and 92% for 20$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Elastic moduli of both granites were decreased sharply at the stress level of 80% of ultimate failure strength. Elastic moduli of both granites by variation of temperature at 50% of ultimate failure strength was decreased as almost linearly.