• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 1998

As part of a study on the ability of fungicides to control disappearing root rot of ginseng (Panax quinquvdius) caused by Cylindruarpn destmtans, 15 fungicides were screened for toxicity to the fungus in vitro. Highly toxic fungicides were Benlate (benomyl), Thiram (thiram), and Orbit (propiconazole). EC5O values (mg a.i./L) were less than 1 and EC95 values were less than 10. Crown (carbathiin and thiabendazole), ASC-66835 (fluazinam), and UBI-2584 (tebuconazole) were moderately toxic, with EC5O values in the range 1-10 and EC95 values in the range 32-45. Weakly toxic fungicides (EC5O in the range 20-80, EC95 in the range 35-140) included UBI-2643 (thiabendazole), UBI-2565 (cyproconazole), and Vitaflo-280 (carbathiin and thiram). Anvil (hexaconazole), Vitaflo-250 (carbathiin), UBI-2383 (triadimenol), Daconil (chlorothalonil), CGA-173506 (fludioxonil), and CGA-169374 (difeno- conazole) were considered nontoxic to C. destmtan (EC5O 1.29->600, EC95>500). Relations between proportional inhibition of growth and concentration of fungicide were linear on arithmetic plots (Benlate, UBI-2643, UBI-2565, Vitaflo-280) or logarithmic plots (all other fungicides). Based on toxicity in vitro and formulation, it is recommended that Benlate, Orbit, and ASC-66835 be tested as soil drenches, and Benlate, Thiram, UBI-2584, and Crown be tested as seed treatments for controlling disappearing root rot.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Antifungal activity of 20 chemicals registered to turfgrass diseases was evaluated. Among the chemicals, iprodione, benomyl, iprodione+thiram, pencycuron+tebuconazole, hexaconazole, and iprodione+thiophanate-methyl exhibited high antifungal activity to the dollar spot fungus. All isolates were greatly inhibited by the chemicals at the concentration over 32ppm($\mu\textrm{g}$/ml). However, sensitivity of the isolates to chemicals was varied at the lower concentration as 8 and 16 ppm as follows. The isolate originated from Ora golf course was resistant to iprodione and iprodione+thiophanate methyl, Gonjiam isolate to iprodion, Youngpyung isolate to iprodione+thiram, and Dogo isolate to iprodione+thiram, pencycuron+tebuconazole, and tebuconazole. It was found from this study that the varied chemical resistance among the isolates was positively related to the application time of the chemical in the golf course. Consequently, when a chemical was applied more often times than the others to the golf course, the fungal isolates originate from the field showed higher resistance to the former chemical. Effects of the chemicals on control of the dollar spot was evaluated in the field. All tested chemicals revealed over 70% disease control efficacy, however, mepronil+propiconazole was the best showing 83% control efficacy and followed by fenarimo, iprodione, terbuconazole, thiram, and thiophanate-methyl.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2003

The effects of prochloraz on membrane permeability and germination of uredospores of Puccinia recondita were investigated to determine its potential mode of action on wheat leaf rust control activity. Disease control activity of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) and their activities on uredospore membrane permeability and germination were examined with wheat leaf rust pathogen, both in vitro and in vivo. While wheat leaf rust was not controlled by prochloraz, electrolytic leakage and spore germination of P. recondita uredospore was the highest with the use of prochloraz among the eight fungicides tested. Prochloraz stimulated uredospore of P. recondita to germinate at a higher ratio. Although certain EBIs, such as hexaconazole, showed excellent control activity, their effects on uredospore membrane permeability and germination was much inferior to prochloraz. Therefore, results of this study suggest that effects of EBIs on membrane permeability and germination of uredospore are not always correlated with their disease control activity.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of suspected endocrine disrupting pesticides among the agricultural products in northern area of Seoul in 2007. 3,026 samples was analyzed by multiresidue method. Detected Pesticide in 11 cases were procymidone, endosulfan, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, cyermethrin, fenvalerate, hexaconazole, carbendazim, pendimethalin, permethrin, parathion and exceeded 7 cases of endosulfan, procymidone, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate in the maximum residue limits(MRLs). Procymidone, endosulfan, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos comprised up to 80.5% in detected pesticides. Among the 321 cases of detected agricultural products, 287 cases(89.4%) were vegetables, 25 cases (7.8%) were fruits, Others were 9 cases(2.8%).

• 환경분석과 독성보건
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.304-315
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• 2018

Located in Gimhae, Hwapo is the biggest riverine wetland in the province of Gyeongsangsam-do, Korea, and is a major habitat for various species. However, it is suspected that various pollutants enter the wetlands from agricultural and industrial areas. This study identifies major organic pollutants in this wetland and their sources using high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry during one summer season. Forty-five substances were selected for quantitative analysis using target screening, and other non-selected compounds were screened using suspect and non-target screening methods. The results were that 21 and 17 targeted substances were detected in July and August, respectively. Major pollutants in July and August were oxadiazon (July: 17-220 ng/L, August: 66-460 ng/L), carbendazim (July: 10-110 ng/L, August: 64-520 ng/L), caffeine (July: 33-1,100 ng/L, August: 56-580 ng/L), and niflumic acid (July: 23-75 ng/L, August: 42-290 ng/L). Sampling sites S4 in July and S2 in August were the major inflow points. Ten substances (tricyclazole, hexaconazole, diuron, fexofenadine, irbesartan, simetryn, cimetidine, valsartan, tebuconazole, and benzotriazole) and four metabolites (valsartan acid, azoxystrobin acid, TEB_M324c, and 2-aminobenzimidazole) were tentatively identified through suspect and non-target screening, respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.264-272
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• 2023

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an economically important vegetable crop worldwide. However, various fungal diseases, including Fusarium basal rot (FBR), neck rot, and white rot, reduce onion production or bulb storage life. FBR caused by Fusarium species is among the most destructive onion diseases. In this study, we identified Fusarium species associated with FBR in Jeolla and Gyeongsang Provinces in South Korea and evaluated fungicides against the pathogens. Our morphological and molecular analyses showed that FBR in onions is associated with Fusarium commune, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium proliferatum. We selected seven fungicides (fludioxonil, hexaconazole, mandestrobin, penthiopyrad, prochloraz-manganese, pydiflumetofen, and tebuconazole) and evaluated their inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of the pathogens at three different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL). We found that prochloraz-manganese was highly effective, inhibiting 100% of the mycelial growth of the pathogens at all concentrations, followed by tebuconazole. Fludioxonil showed < 50% inhibition at 1 mg/mL for the tested isolates.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: The conazoles, difenoconazole, diniconazole, hexaconazole, penconazole and tetraconazole are a large class of synthetic fungicides used extensively for foliage and seed treatments in agricultural crops. The extensive use of conazoles has brought concerns on the potentiality of environmental contamination and toxicity. Thus studies on the development of methods for monitoring the conazoles are required. METHODS AND RESULTS: A modified quick, easy, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was involved in sample preparation. Quadrapole time of flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF MS) in electron spray ionization (ESI) mode was employed to determine conazoles in garlic samples. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of conazoles by Q-TOF-MS ranged from 0.001 to 0.002 mg/L and 0.002 to 0.005 mg/L, respectively. Q-TOF-MS analysis exhibited less than 2.6 ppm error of accurate mass measurements for the detection of conazoles spiked at 0.05 mg/L in garlic matrix. Recovery values of conazoles fortified in garlic samples at 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L were between 79.2 and 106.2% with a maximum 11.8% of standard deviation. No detectable conazoles were found in the domestic market samples by using the Q-TOF-MS method. CONCLUSION(s): High degree of confirmation for conazoles by accurate mass measurements demonstrated that Q-TOF-MS analysis combined with a QuEChERS method may be applicable to simultaneous determination of conazoles in garlic samples.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.409-416
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• 2014

본 연구는 고추 흰가루병 방제시 유기합성 살균제의 사용량을 감소하기 위하여 수행되었다. 고추 흰가루병 방제를 위하여 3종의 미생물 농약과 6종의 살균제의 혼용처리 효과를 실내, 포트, 포장에서 확인하였다. 실내시험에서 6종의 화학농약 중 Azoxystrobin+Chlorothalonil이 고추 흰가루병에 등록된 3종의 미생물 농약(Bacillus subtilis Y1336, Bacillus subtilis DBB1501, Bacillus subtilis QST-713)의 유효미생물의 생육을 억제 시켰다. 포트검정 결과 9개의 혼용처리구 중 B. subtilis DBB1501+Trifloxystrobin, B. subtilis QST713+Trifloxystrobin 처리구 조합이 흰가루병에 대해서 가장 높은 억제 효과를 나타내었으며, 특히 B. subtilis QST713+Trifloxystrobin 혼용처리조합은 3종의 화학농약(Myclobutanil, Trifloxystrobin, Hexaconazole) 단독처리와 비슷한 억제효과를 나타내었다. 포장시험에서는 흰가루병 방제를 위하여 미생물 농약(B. subtilis DBB1501, B. subtilis QST713)과 유기합성 살균제(Trifloxystrobin)을 혼용하여 7일 간격 4회 엽면살포 시 70.3%~70.9%의 방제가를 나타내었으며, Trifloxystrobin을 단독처리 하였을 경우에는 72.7%의 방제가를 나타내었다. 결과적으로 미생물 농약과 화학농약의 혼용은 화학농약의 사용량을 절감할 수 있는 가능한 방법으로 추천할 수 있다고 판단되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2014

오이와 고추의 안전성에 영향을 미치는 위해요소 분석의 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 오이와 고추 재배지에서 총 72점의 시료를 채취하여 미생물학적(위생지표세균, 병원성미생물, 곰팡이) 위해요소와 화학적(중금속, 잔류농약) 위해요소를 조사하였다. 미생물학적 위해요소 중 위생지표세균과 곰팡이는 오이 재배지에서 ND-7.2와 ND-4.8 log CFU/g (g, mL, hand, or $100cm^2$) 범위로 검출되었고, 고추 재배지에서는 ND-6.8와 0.4-5.3 log CFU/g (g, mL, hand, or $100cm^2$) 범위로 검출되었다. 특히 대장균군은 고추재배지의 토양에서 최대 5.6 log CFU/g까지 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물은 S. aureus는 오이 농장의 장갑에서만 1.4 log CFU/$100cm^2$으로 검출되었고, B. cereus는 대부분의 시료에서 ND-4.8 log CFU/g (g, mL, hand, or $100cm^2$) 범위로 검출되었다. L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 및 Salmonella spp.는 검출되지 않았다. 화학적 위해요소에 해당하는 중금속은 Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb 및 Hg이 국내 허용기준치 이하로 검출되었고, 잔류농약의 경우 오이에서는 모든 성분이 불검출 되었으나 고추에서 hexaconazole 성분이 0.016 mg/kg (기준치: 0.3 mg/kg)으로 검출되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.230-240
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• 2017

환경오염 우려 농약의 수계 유출 영향평가를 위한 기본 자료로서 하천수 중 농약의 잔류실태와 유출양상을 파악하기 위하여 금강, 만경강 및 동진강의 하천수 중 농약의 잔류 변화를 일 년간 추적 조사하였다. 내분비계장애 추정농약 및 8,90년대에 실시한 국내 하천수 대상 농약 잔류조사에서 검출된 바 있는 성분 등 환경 잔류문제로 관심의 대상이 되고 있는 농약성분 및 대사물을 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 금강 만경강 및 동진강 본류 및 지천 개소를 대상으로 2-11월까지 월 평균 1회, 농약 사용 성수기인 5-8월 사이에는 월2회씩 채취하였다. 분석결과 살균제 성분으로는 carbendazim과 hexaconazole 등 6종이 검출되었으며, 검출빈도는 0.3-50.9% 범위이었고 검출농도는 $0.1-4.7{\mu}g/L$ 수준이었다. 특히 도열병 약제인 isoprothiolane과 iprobenfos의 검출양상은 장소와 시기 면에서 매우 광범위하였으나 잔류 수준은 그리 높지 않았다. 살충제 성분으로는 endosulfan 등 16종이 검출되었으며 검출빈도는 0.3-32.5% 범위이었고 검출농도는 $0.01-2.8{\mu}g/L$ 수준이었다. 그 중 endosulfan은 28개 지점에서 검출되어 매우 광범위한 오염양상을 나타내었다. 따라서 isoprothiolane과 iprobenfos, endosulfan의 경우는 사용 시기를 경과하여서도 지속적으로 검출되므로 수계환경으로의 유입경로와 유입 후의 행적에 대한 추가적인 검토가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 제초제 성분으로는 alachlor등 9종이 검출되었으며 검출빈도는 0.8-22.9% 범위이었고 검출농도는 $0.01-9.07{\mu}g/L$ 수준이었다. Molinat는 4개의 지천에서는 일시적으로 WHO의 권고지침 $7{\mu}g/L$을 상회하는 잔류농도를 나타내어 배출수로에서 부터 대하천에 이르기까지의 이동경로 단계별로 정밀한 농도변화 추적이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 대부분의 검출 농약이 수도용이었으며 검출시기가 농약의 사용시기와 대체적으로 일치하는 경향이었고 잔류수준은 대체적으로 낮은 편이었다.