• 유기물자원화
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2005

유기성폐기물 및 토양미생물을 이용하여 산불로 훼손된 산림토양을 생태적으로 복원하기 위한 일환으로 동해안 지역에서 발생한 산불토양의 물리화학적 환경요인 및 생물학적 특성을 분석하였다. 토양 시료는 산불의 영향을 받지 않은 정상토양(US), 산불 후 자연적으로 복원된 토양(NS)과 산불 후 인위적인 복원이 시도된 토양(AS) 등, 세 지역의 표토와 심토를 이용하였다. 모든 토양 시료는 사질토가 우세한 pH5.34~5.78의 산성 토양이었으며, 함수량은 정상토양에서 높게 나타났고 자연복원지와 인위복원지에서는 표토의 함수량이 심토보다 낮았다. 총 유기물량과 수용성 당량은 정상토양에서 특히 높았으며, 전체적으로 심토보다 표토에서 높게 나타났다. 토양 종속영양세균의 군집크기는 정상토양의 표토 (UST)와 자연복원지 심토(NSS)에서 크게 나타났으며, 탈수소효소, 섬유소 분해효소, 산성 인산 분해효소의 활성도는 정상토양에서 높게 나타났다. 미생물 작용의 1차지표가 되는 탈수소효소의 활성도는 함수량과 0.902 (P<0.05)의 높은 상관관계를 보였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2014

It is essential to decrease energy consumption and excess sludge to economically operate sewage treatment plant. This becomes more important along with a ban on sea dumping and exhaustion of resource. Therefore, many researchers have been study on energy consumption reduction and strategies for minimization of excess sludge production from the activated sludge process. The aeration cost account for a high proportion of maintenance cost because sufficient air is necessary to keep nitrifying bacteria activity of which the oxygen affinity is inferior to that of heterotrophic bacteria. Also, additional costs are incurred to stabilize excess sludge and decrease the volume of sludge. There were anoxic, aerobic, membrane, deairation and concentration zone in this MBR process. Continuous aeration was provided to prevent membrane fouling in membrane zone and intermittent aeration was provided in aerobic zone through ammonia sensor. So, there was the minimum oxygen to remove $NH_4-N$ below limited quantity that could be eliminated in membrane zone. As the result of this control, energy consumption of aeration system declined by between 10.4 % and 19.1 %. Besides, we could maintain high MLSS concentration in concentration zone and this induced the microorganisms to be in starved condition. Consequentially, the amount of excess sludge decrease by about 15 %.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1221-1228
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• 2005

Carbon electrode was applied to a wastewater treatment system as biofilm media. The spatial distribution of heterotrophic bacteria in aerobic wastewater biofilm grown on carbon electrode was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and biomass measurement. Five volts of electric oxidation and reduction potential were charged to the carbon anode and cathode of the bioelectrochemical system, respectively, but were not charged to electrodes of a conventional system. To correlate the biofilm architecture of bacterial populations with their activity, the bacterial treatment efficiency of organic carbons was measured in the bioelectrochemical system and compared with that in the conventional system. In the SEM image, the biofilm on the anodic medium of the bioelectrochemical system looked intact and active; however, that on the carbon medium of the conventional system appeared to be shrinking or damaging. In the AFM image, the thickness of biofilm formed on the carbon medium was about two times of those on the anodic medium. The bacterial treatment efficiency of organic carbons in the bioelectrochemical system was about 1.5 times higher than that in the conventional system. Some denitrifying bacteria can metabolically oxidize $H_{2}$, coupled to reduction of $NO_{3}^{-}\;to\;N_{2}$. $H_{2}$ was produced from the cathode in the bioelectrochemical system by electrolysis of water but was not so in the conventional system. The denitrification efficiency was less than $22\%$ in the conventional system and more than $77\%$ in the bioelectrochemical system. From these results, we found that the electrochemical coupling reactions between aerobic and anaerobic reactors may be a useful tool for improvement of wastewater treatment and denitrification efficiency, without special manipulations such as bacterial growth condition control, C/N ratio (the ratio of carbon to nitrogen) control, MLSS returning, or biofilm refreshing.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.307-314
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• 2008

To explore the optimal conditions for the removal of $H_{2}S$ gas by biofiltration, various conditions, including inlet $H_{2}S$ concentration, flow rate, moisture, and cell number, were examined. Heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the compost of the animal excreta. A strain that effectively removed $H_{2}S$ was selected and identified as Rhodococcus rhodochrous B261 by analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence. A cell number of $10^{7}\;cfu/g^{-}compost$ was sufficient to dominate the microbiota, and an effective removal was observed at $H_{2}S$ gas concentrations below 220 mg/L. The moisture content of 33-38% was suitable for activation of the microbial activity and delaying the desiccation. Higher flow rates resulted in lower removal rates of the $H_{2}S$ gas. Under the conditions of $10^7\;cfu/g^{-}compost$, $H_{2}S$ gas concentrations of 220 mg/L, and moisture content of 33-38%, the inlet $H_{2}S$ gas concentrations of 120 and 400 mg/L were completely removed for 34 and 12 days, respectively. The amount of sulfur removed was $2.99{\times}10^{-9}H_{2}S-S/cell$, which was suggested as the amount of sulfur removed by a single cell. The biofilter consisting of the compost and R. rhodochrous B261 could be suitable for a long-term biofilteration for the removal of $H_{2}S$ and other malodorous compounds.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1101-1109
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• 2014

In this study we followed biofilm formation and development in a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter on pilot-scale during the 12 months of operation. GAC particles and water samples were sampled from four different depths (-5, -25, -50 and -90 cm from surface of GAC bed) and attached biomass were measured with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) analysis and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method. The attached biomass accumulated rapidly on the GAC particles of top layer throughout all levels in the filter during the 160 days (BV 23,000) of operation and maintained a steady-state afterward. During steady-state, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of top layer in the BAC filer were $2.1{\mu}g{\cdot}ATP/g{\cdot}GAC$ and $3.3{\times}10^8cells/g{\cdot}GAC$, and 85%, 83% and 99% of the influent total biodegradable dissolved organic carbon ($BDOC_{total}$), $BDOC_{slow}$ and $BDOC_{rapid}$ were removed, respectively. During steady-state process, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of middle layer (-50 cm) and bottom layer (-90 cm) in the BAC filter were increased consistently. Biofilm development (growth rate) proceed highest rate in the top layer of filter (${\mu}_{ATP}=0.73day^{-1}$; ${\mu}_{HPC}=1,74day^{-1}$) and 78%~87% slower in the bottom layer (${\mu}_{ATP}=0.14day^{-1}$; ${\mu}_{HPC}=0.34day^{-1}$). This study shows that the combination of different analytical methods allows detailed quantification of the microbiological activity in drinking water biofilter.

• Mycobiology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2008

Minimal growth inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chitosan acetate (M.W. 60 kDa) on heterotrophic bacteria (strains MK1, S, and R) isolated from the soft-rotten tissues of Neungee mushroom (Sarcodon aspratus) were measured. The slimy substance produced by the MK1 strain was responsible for the diseased mushroom’s appearance. The S and R strains were members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. These strains showed different levels of susceptibility toward chitosan acetate. The MIC of chitosan acetate against the MK1 and S strains was 0.06%. The MIC against the R strain was greater than 0.10%. Survival fractions of the MK1 and S strains at the MIC were $3\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ and $1.4\;{\times}\;10^{-3}$ after 24 h, and $2\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ and $7\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ after 48 h, respectively. Survival fractions of the R strain after 24 and 48 hr at 0.1% chitosan acetate were $1\;{\times}\;10^{-2}$ and $6.9\;{\times}\;10^{-3}$, respectively. Compared to the MK1 and S strains, the low susceptibility of the R stain towards chitosan acetate could be due to the ability of the R strain to utilize chitosan as a carbon source. Thirty-eight percent of Neungee pieces treated in a 0.06% chitosan acetate solution for $2{\sim}3$ second did not show any bacterial growth at 4 days, whereas bacterial growth around untreated mushroom pieces occurred within 2 days. These data suggest that chitosan acetate is highly effective in controlling growth of indigenous microorganisms on Neungee. The scanning electron micrographs of the MK1 strain treated with chitosan revealed a higher degree of disintegrated and distorted cellular structures.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.615-621
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• 2010

The viability of low-temperature sulfate reduction with hydrogen as electron donor was studied with a bench-scale gas-lift bioreactor (GLB) operated at $9^{\circ}C$. Prior to the GLB experiment, the temperature range of sulfate reduction of the inoculum was assayed. The results of the temperature gradient assay indicated that the inoculum was a psychrotolerant mesophilic enrichment culture that had an optimal temperature for sulfate reduction of $31^{\circ}C$, and minimum and maximum temperatures of $7^{\circ}C$ and $41^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the GLB experiment at $9^{\circ}C$, a sulfate reduction rate of 500-600 mg $l^{-1}d^{-1}$, corresponding to a specific activity of 173 mg ${SO_4}^{2-}g\;VSS^{-1}d^{-1}$, was obtained. The electron flow from the consumed $H_2$-gas to sulfate reduction varied between 27% and 52%, whereas the electron flow to acetate production decreased steadily from 15% to 5%. No methane was produced. Acetate was produced from $CO_2$ and $H_2$ by homoacetogenic bacteria. Acetate supported the growth of some heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria. The sulfate reduction rate in the GLB was limited by the slow biomass growth rate at $9^{\circ}C$ and low biomass retention in the reactor. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated the potential sulfate reduction rate of psychrotolerant sulfate-reducing mesophiles at suboptimal temperature.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.759-765
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• 2013

The gene encoding squalene synthase (SQS) of the lipid-producing heterotrophic microalga Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 was cloned and characterized. The krsSQS gene is 1,551 bp in length and has two exons and one intron. The open reading frame of the gene is 1,164 bp in length, yielding a polypeptide of 387 predicted amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 42.7 kDa. The deduced krsSQS sequence shares at least four conserved regions known to be required for SQS enzymatic activity in other species. The protein, tagged with $His_6$, was expressed into soluble form in Escherichia coli. The purified protein catalyzed the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to squalene in the presence of NADPH and $Mg^{2+}$. This is the first report on the characterization of an SQS from a Thraustochytrid microalga.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.318-327
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• 1987

북한강의 지류인 수동천 수층에서 세균 군집의 구성 맺 다양성을 통계학적으로 조사하였다. 4계절에 걸쳐 분리된 282개의1 균주를 계통분류한 결파, 진 정점에서 FLavob$\alpha$cten$\mu$m, Aero,pmas와 Enterobacterianae가 50% 이상으후 주종을 이루었다. 각 쟁점별로 분리된 세균들은 수리학적 분석을 행하여 각가 다른 형태학적, 생화학적 및 생리학적 특정을 나타내는 15-28개 집단으로 분류되어다. 각각의 수리학적 세균 집만은 계통분류에 의한 세균 집단(속병)들과 반드시 일치하지는 않았으며, 특히 독특한 당 분해능을 지닌 균주들은 수리학직 분석에 의하면 각각의 균주가 옥딩된 씌침-집만을 이음으로써 인관적인 관년상을 보이지 않았다. 80%의 유사도 수준에서 나위어진 각각의 집단을 하나의 종으로 하여 세균 다양성 지표(dlversity mdex:H)를 구한 결과, 2.37-3.149의 범위로 계산되어 조사 대상 지역은 밴영양-중영영 상태의 다양성을 갖는 세균 군집이 존재함이 밝혀졌다. 유기물질이나 세균 집단의 대량 유입 영향을 직접 받는 정선에서 세균 군집의 다양성 지표가 가장 높았으며 이러한 유입 현상이 전 수동천 생태계에서의 세균균집의 분포에 가장중요한 요인으로 작용함이 관찰되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2009

동토지대 거대 담수호에 서식하는 종속영양세균 군집의 생태학적 기능을 파악하기 위하여, 몽골 북부의 동토지대 경계에 위치한 스굴 호수에서, 전체 세균군집의 구조와 유기물질을 분해할 수 있는 미생물 군집의 구조를 수심별로 비교 분석하였다. 환경인자 분석결과, 수심 5~10 m 사이에서 thermocline과 chemocline이 관찰되었다. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)로 전체 세균군집의 구조를 수심별로 비교한 결과 0~5 m 사이에서 군집구조의 변화가 컸고, 10 m 이상에서는 Acidovorax facilis를 위주로 비교적 안정된 군집을 형성하였다. $10^{\circ}C$에서 고분자 유기물 분해 활성도(protease, cellulase, amylase, lipase)가 높은 균주들을 탐색하여 23개 균주를 선별하였다. 표층수로부터 Acidovorax defluvii와 Sphingobacterium faecium이 분리되었는데 cellulase 활성이 높았다. 수심2 m, 5 m 및 10 m 이상의 시료에서 분리된 세균군집은 각각, Flavobacterium succinicans, Mycoplana bullata, A. facilis가 우점하였다. F. succinicans는 높은 protease 활성을 보였고, 수심 5 m의 M. bullata는 protease와 cellulase 활성이 있었지만, 상대적으로 약한 활성을 보였다. 수심10 m의 A. facilis 균주들은 cellulase 또는 lipase를 서로 배타적으로 발현하였다. 온도별 성장속도를 분석한 결과 표층(0~5m) 세균들은 기회성 호냉성 세균이었고, 심층($\geq$10m)에서 분리된 균주들은 $10^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 성장률이 낮았다. 심층의 저온 빈영양 상태 때문에 심층 세균들간의 경쟁에서 빠른 저온 성장이 요구되지 않고, 상층의 경우 육상 또는 식물 플랑크톤으로부터 영양물질이 공급되므로 저온에서 빠른 성장 속도를 보이는 세균들이 상층에 주로 분포하는 것으로 해석되었다. 따라서 스굴 호수수층에서 관찰된 세균군집의 종 분포와 물질분해 작용의 성층화는, 한냉대 빈영양 담수 호수에서 분해자 군집들의 생태학적 기능이 0~10 m 수심의 표층에 집중됨을 시사하였다.