• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2010

This study was designed to determine the best cultivar of kohlrabi for making pickles among KM-1 (Worldcol), KM-2 (Bejo), KM-3 (Takii), and KM-4 (Monsanto) cultivars. The initial pH of pickles was different in all cultivars; however, they all had a pH in the range of 3.81~3.86 after 28 days of storage. The pickles made from KM-4 had the lowest acidity, while there was no significant difference in acidity among the KM-1, KM-2, and KM-3 pickles. The salinity of all kohlrabi pickles was consistent during the storage period. The changes of color values were accelerated in the following order: KM-4>KM-1>KM-2>KM-3. Though kohlrabi pickles were non-fermented, the change in reducing sugar contents was similar to that of a fermented pickle. The highest value of reducing sugar content was found in pickles made with KM-4. In all cases, the firmness of the pickle decreased as time of storage increased. On the initial day, KM-4 pickle showed the highest firmness with 807.4 g. KM-4 also showed the highest firmness on the 28th day of storage with 602.3 g. In sensory evaluation, the KM-4 pickle exhibited the highest texture (hardness) among the pickles. The pickle made with the KM-4 cultivar showed relatively higher firmness of texture than other cultivars, suggesting that KM-4 could be utilized in other kinds of processed foods, in addition to being pickled.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1035-1045
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• 2006

Junggi-haham (中氣下陷) is a term referring to lethargic symptoms such as digestive system disorder originating from energy deficiency. The authors applied therapy including Bojungikgi-tang(or Seungyangikgi-tang) and Bi-jeonggyuk method to two patients, one having ptosis and the other stress urinary incontinence, respectively, as Junggi-haham. Bojungikgi-tang is an herbal medication preparation and Bi-jeonggyuk is an acupuncture therapy method, and both are used to treat Junggi-haham symptoms. The combined treatment showed positive outcome, and the result suggests that Bojungikgi-tang and Bi-jeonggyuk are effective treatments for patients diagnosed as Junggi-haham.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.346-353
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• 2007

Background : Over a thousand years of clinical preparation of Ephedrain traditional Korean medicine has confirmed effectiveness and security. Recently. Ephedra-containing herbal preparations to treat obesity are common. The aim of this study is to identify effects of Ephedra on psychological anxiety. Objectives : To determine effects of Ephedraon psychoactivity and autonomic nervous system. Methods : The study design was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The subjects of this study were healthy adults. They were allocated to either the Ephedragroup (N =66) or the placebo group (N =32), Ephedra(8 g) or a placebo in similar opaque capsules was given twice a day for 2 weeks. Anxiety score was estimated with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before first and after last medication. 36 of the Ephedragroup and 24 of the placebo group finished the trial and were analyzed. Paired samples T-test and independent samples T-test were applied to statistical analysis. Results : The following result was obtained: After taking Ephedra. state anxiety increased significantly. In the placebo group. both state and trait anxiety increased although significance was not reached. Conclusions : It is concluded that the intake of Ephedraplays a significant role in the increase of anxiety in healthy adults. It is suggested that anxiety level change should be considered when using Ephedra in clinics.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.4 s.143
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• pp.311-317
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• 2005

GCSB-5 is a purified extract from a mixture of 6 Oriental herbs (Ledebouriellae Radix, Achyranthis Radix, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Cibotii Rhizoma, Glycine Semen, and Eucommiae Cortex) that have been widely used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the East Asia. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of GCSB-5. The animals used in this study were administered either vehicle or GCSB-5 (30, 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg) orally. The GCSB-5 significantly inhibited the increased of acetic acid-induced vascular permeability (30.9%-34.2% inhibition at 30-300 mg/kg). The swelling of the rat's hind paw induced by carrageenan was significantly inhibited by GCSB-5 in doses of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Maximal inhibition (50.9%) was obtained with GCSB-5 at dose of 300 mg/kg. However, it did not have any anti-inflammatory action in the rheumatoid arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant or in the granuloma induced by carrageenan. Our finding suggest that GCSB-5 has a anti-inflammatory activity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2007

Acute toxicity of WK-38, a herbal preparation for the atherosclerosis, was examined using male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. WK-38 is composed of Rhei Rhizoma, Magonoliae Cortx, Moutan Cortex Radicis. Rats were treated with the WK-38 intragastrically at 0 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 2,000 mg/kg and observed for two weeks. No mortality was observed at the doses used. Abnormal clinical signs such as eye bleeding, nasal bleeding and hyperemia had been shown temporary after administration. All rats were appeared to be healthy and normal during the 2 week observation. Also there was no difference in net body weight gain, gross pathological findings, and urine analysis among the groups rats treated with different doses of the WK-38.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.838-848
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• 2012

Orally administered herbal glycosides are metabolized to their hydrophobic compounds by intestinal microflora in the intestine of animals and human, not liver enzymes, and absorbed from the intestine to the blood. Of these metabolites, some, such as quercetin and kaempherol, are mutagenic. The fecal bacterial enzyme fraction (fecalase) of human or animals has been used for measuring the mutagenicity of dietary glycosides. However, the fecalase activity between individuals is significantly different and its preparation is laborious and odious. Therefore, we developed a fecal microbial enzyme mix (FM) usable in the Ames test to remediate the fluctuated reaction system activating natural glycosides to mutagens. We selected, cultured, and mixed 4 bacteria highly producing glycosidase activities based on a cell-free extract of feces (fecalase) from 100 healthy Korean volunteers. When the mutagenicities of rutin and methanol extract of the flos of Sophora japonica L. (SFME), of which the major constituent is rutin, towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, 100, 102, 1,535, and 1,537 were tested using FM and/or S9 mix, these agents were potently mutagenic. These mutagenicities using FM were not significantly different compared with those using Korean fecalase. SFME and rutin were potently mutagenic in the test when these were treated with fecalase or FM in the presence of S9 mix, followed by those treated with S9 mix alone and those with fecalase or FM. Freeze-dried FM was more stable in storage than fecalase. Based on these findings, FM could be usable instead of human fecalase in the Ames test.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.394-401
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• 2008

In order to access the suppressive effects of piroxicam (PX) and hydrolyzed products of Scutellariae Radix (PSH) on arthritis, we investigated whether PSH gel could suppress the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. PX, one of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been used in the systemic and topical treatment in a variety of inflammatory conditions. Scutellariae Radix, one of the herbal medicines, was used for the purpose of anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterials. For the purpose of transdermal absorption of the hydrogel preparations, two classes of hydrogels (PX, PSH) were formulated with carbomer 940, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-8-glyceryl caprylate/caprate and triethanolamine. In carrageenan-induced edema in rat hind paws, inhibition of foot swelling was more increased in PSH than PX hydrogel. Rheumatoid factors including serum IgG, IgM and collagen specific antibody were present much lower in PSH gel treated mice than control. Histological examination revealed that PSH hydrogel inhibited infiltration of inflammatory cells into affected paw joint, compared with control. The PSH hydrogel would be a suitable preparation to increase transdermal treatment for anti-inflammatory effects on collagen-induced arthritis.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2009

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the world's most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. In-Jin-ho-Tang (IJHT) has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine since ancient times, and today it is widely used as a medication for jaundice associated with inflammation of the liver. In-Jin-Ho-Tang is a drug preparation consisting of three herbs: Artemisiae Capillaris Herba (Artemisia capillaries $T_{HUNS}$, Injinho in Korean), Gardeniae Fructus (Gardenia jasminodes $E_{LLIS}$, Chija in Korean) and Rhei radix et rhizoma (Rheum palmatum L., Daehwang in Korean). This study investigated whether or not methanol extract of IJHT could induce HepG2 cancer cell death. Cytotoxic activity of IJHT on HepG2 cells was measured using an XTT assay, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $700{\mu}g/ml$ at 24 h Apoptosis induction by IJHT in HepG2 cells was verified by the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase, and a decrease in procaspase-3, -8, -9. Treatment of IJHT resulted in the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$), decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and an increase in pro-apoptotic Bax expression. Thus, IJHT induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of caspase and mitochondria pathway. These results indicate that IJHT has potential as an anti-cancer agent.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.329-337
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• 2010

'Angelicae Pubescentis Radix' (APR) is an important oriental medical preparation. In Korea, Aralia continentalis has been recognized as the source plant of APR. Aralia cordata, which is difficult to distinguish from A. continentalis, and Heracleum moellendorffii, which is frequently used in lieu of A. continentalis, are traded in Korean herbal markets. In contrast, in China, Angelica pubescens is recognized as the source plant of APR. In this study, we devised a method not only to discriminate A. contientalis from A. cordata, but also to discriminate both A. contientalis and A. cordata from H. moellendorffii and A. pubescens. Based on the discrepancy in the sequences of specific regions of ITS, we designed a Cont F/ Cont R primer set to amplify a 173 bp PCR band that appears only in A. continentalis. Additionally, we designed an Ara F/ Ara R primer set to amplify a 278 bp PCR band that appears in both A. continentalis and A. cordata. Using these primer sets and the ST R primer to confirm the PCR amplification results, we developed a simple multiplex PCR method for differentiating A. continentalis from A. cordata and to concurrently differentiate both A. continentalis and A. cordata from other APR herbs.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2008

Objectives Seunggal-tang is one of the prescriptions of oriental herbal medicine, which has been applied to several allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis. This study was planned to compare differences of anti-allergic effects based on different form of Seunggal-tang by manufacturing differently. Methods Two types herb medicine products were used; aqueous extract (SG-T, Seunggal-Tang) and powder (SG-S, Seunggal-San) which were made from the same mixed formula of Seunggal-tang. To investigate in vitro anti-allergic activities, rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells were treated with SG-T and SG-S for 1 hour, and then stimulated with the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187. We examined the release of beta-hexosaminidase, as a marker of degranulation, and the releases of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-4, as proinflammatory cytokines. Results SG-T and SG-S didn't have effects on cell viabilities in concentrations under 2㎎/㎖. In additionto that, SG-T more inhibited releasing ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-4 than SG-S. Conclusions These results indicate that SG-T is more effective against mast cell-mediated allergic reactions than SG-S.