• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was undertaken to verify the effects of Wolbigachul-tang1(WBCEx1) on obesity using high fat diet-induced male mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods : 8-week old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups; lean control, obese control, WBCEx1, 2, 3. After mice were treated with WBCEx1(water extract), 2(30% ethanol extract), 3(water extract; Ephedra sinica Stapf., Gypsum fibrosum) for 12 weeks, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, plasma lipid and glucose metabolism, the messenger RNA(mRNA) expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor(PPAR)$\alpha$ target genes were measured. In addition, $PPAR{\alpha}$ target gene expression was examined in liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Results : 1. WBCEx1-treated mice had significantly lower body weight gain and feeding efficiency ratio. 2. Consistent with the effects on body weight gain, WBCEx1 decreased the weights of epididymal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue. 3. WBCEx1 significantly decreased plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. 4. The size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by WBCEx1, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by WBCEx1. 5. WBCEx1 did not affect the mRNA expression of $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. 6. Plasma asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and creatine concentrations were in the physiological range. Liver and kidney weights were significantly lower following WBCEx treatment compared with obese controls, indicating that WBCEx does not show any toxic effects on liver and kidney. Conclusions : These results suggest that WBCEx1-induced body weight reduction is associated with appetite control and mediated by a mechanism other than the activation of $PPAR{\alpha}$.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.211-223
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• 1995

The antitumor effect of 柴胡(Bupleuri Radix : BP), 茵陳(Artemisiae capillaris Herba; ACH) 및 蒲公英(Taraxaci Herba; TH) and 蒲公英 EE層(Ethyl ether layer of TH; EETH) on human hepatocytes such as Hep G2, PLC and Hep 3B, and synergistic action with the anticancer drugs, that is, mitomycin(MMC), cisplatin(CPT) and 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) were studied by the method of MTT. The results were obtained as follows: 1. $IC_{50}$ against Hep G2, PLC and Hep 3B was $15.5{\mu}g/ml$, $25.4{\mu}g/ml$ and 31.25 in MMC, $92.5{\mu}g/ml$, $50.2{\mu}g/ml$ and $62.5{\mu}g/ml$ in CPT and $125{\mu}g/ml$ in 5-FU respectively. 2. Cytotoxic effect on Hep G2 was obvious in BP-treated group, synergistic action was most effective in TH-treated group or with MMC. 3. Cytotoxic effect on Hep 3B was obvious in ACH-treated group, synergistic action was most effective in ACH-treated group or with MMC. 4. Cytotoxic effect on PLC was obvious in ACH-treated group, synergistic action was most effective in TH-treated group or with MMC. From above results it was concluded that ACH showed the best antitumor effect against PLC and Hep 3B, BP aganst Hep G2 and also synergistic effect was most effective with MMC, which indicates that it is necessary to seperate the antitumor substances in ACH.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.1-10
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• 1988

Previously. we reported that the intraperitoneal administration of ginseng crude saponin increased: (I) nuclear RNA polymerase activity. (2) nuclear RNA synthesis. (3) cytoplasmic RNA synthesis. (4) cytoplasmic heavy polyrioosome content. (5) amino acid incorporation in vitro of microsome and polysome isolated rat liver. and (6) the incorporation rate of labeled amino acids into serum protein. In addition, a spectacular increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocyte administered crude saponin for four weeks orally was shown through electron microscopy. An increase in polysomal content in membrane-hound ribosome was shown through ultracentrifugation. Recently, successive intraperitoneal. administration .of $ginsenosid-Rb_2$ was given to streptozotocin (STZ) diaoetic rats of hypoproteinemia. The blood urea nitrogen and hepatic urea concentration were decreased significantly. The total protein and alhumin levels in the serum were increased in comparison to control values. In contrast. the $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ treated group of STZ diahetic rats showed a significant increase in liver RNA. total ribosome and membrane-bound ribosomal contents. The administration of $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ increased the incorporation rate of labeled - precursor into total serum protein. Additionally $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ improved the nitrogen balance of diabetic rats. On the bases of these experimental results, ginseng saponin has a metabolic stimulatory or anabolic action on RNA and protein synthesis.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotecive effect of silk protein hydrolysates (SDH), which was prepared by acid hydrolysis, in rats. SDH itself did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect on hepatic tissues. SDH showed a protective effect on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced hepatotoxicity and liver damage. SDH effectively reduced AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase), which are biomarkers for liver damage, in a dose-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation product, was significantly reduced by SDH. A high dose of SDH (2 g/kg) reduced t-BHP-induced MDA production by 40%. Glutathione (GSH), which is an endogenous antioxidant molecule, was effectively increased by SDH treatment. GSH content was enhanced by around 2.5-fold, compared with t-BHP control, upon SDH (2 g/kg) treatment. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which is an enzyme released by cell cytotoxicity, was greatly increased by t-BHP, but significantly decreased by SDH treatment. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that SDH suppressed t-BHP-induced lesions in liver tissue. Taken together, SDH might be used as a protective agent against liver damage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.633-639
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract from the fruit of Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum (EN) on $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity. Orally provided daily for 7 days were 250-mg/kg or 500-mg/kg EN or vehicle, while $CCl_4$ (40 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected the day after the last treatment of EN. Twenty-four hours after injection of $CCl_4$, we measured serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity of the liver. The antioxidant activities were measured with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. The EN showed a strong DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory effect of lipid peroxidation. The ALT and AST levels in serum were greatly enhanced by the $CCl_4$ injection. However, in the EN treatment group, the levels of ALT and AST in serum were significantly reduced. Moreover, $CCl_4$ significantly increased the MDA contents and decreased the SOD and CAT activity in liver homogenates. The EN recovered MDA contents, close to that in the normal group, while the EN increased the SOD and CAT activity. These results suggest that ethanolic extract from the fruit of Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum has significant antioxidant activity and hepatic protection potential.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.339-344
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• 2003

Atenolol is a water soluble, ${\beta}_1$ selective adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of angina and hypertension. It is primarily eliminated renally with minimal hepatic metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of Samchundang Atenolol (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Korea.) to Tenolmin(Hyundai Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Korea). The atenolol release from the two atenolol tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four normal male volunteers, 22.83$\pm$1.99 years in age and 65.82$\pm$7.15 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 50 mg of atenolol was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of atenolol in serum were determined using HPLC method with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two atenolol tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two tablets based on the Tenolmin were 3.74％, 4.38％ and 17.77％, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two tablets in these parameters. The 90％ confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(0.98)∼log(1.l1) and log(0.95)∼log(1.l5) for $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$ respectively), indicating that Samchundang Atenolol tablet is bioequivalent to Tenolmin tablet.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.624-630
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• 2005

Glycoprotein (60 kDa) isolated from Ficus Carica Linnoeus (FCL glycoprotein) was examined by evaluating its hypolipidemic effects on plasma cholesterol levels and hepatic detoxicant enzyme activities in ICR mice. FCL glycoprotein $(100{\mu}g/mL)$ had strong scavenging activities (38%) against lipid peroxyl radicals. When mice were treated with Triton WR-1339 (400 mg/kg), levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in plasma significantly increased by 53.9 and 47.5 mg/dL, respectively, compared to the control, whereas, when pretreated with FCL glycoprotein $(100{\mu}g/mL)$, decreased remarkably by 55.4, and 47,0 mg/dL, compared to Triton WR-1339 treatment alone. Interestingly, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level did not change. Body and liver weights did not change significantly after Triton WR-1339 treatment in presence of FCL glycoprotein. FCL glycoprotein $(100{\mu}g/mL)$ stimulated activities of antioxidative detoxicant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas GPx activity significantly increased compared to the control. These results suggest FCL glycoprotein has abilities to scavenge lipid peroxyl radicals, lower plasma lipid levels, and stimulate detoxicant enzyme activity in mouse liver.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.62-66
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• 2010

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during severe acute respiratory failure helps to recover the pulmonary function. This study evaluated our experience with veno-venous ECMO in adult patients with acute respiratory failure. Methods: From January 2007 to July 2009, ECMO was used on 54 patients. Of these 54 patients, 7 were placed on veno-venous ECMO for acute respiratory failure. The indications of ECMO were based on the lung dysfunction measured as a $PaO_2/FiO_2$ ratio <100 mm Hg on $FiO_2$ of 1.0, or an arterial blood gas pH <7.25 due to hypercapnia despite the optimal treatment. $EBS^{(R)}$, $Bio-pump^{(R)}$, and Centrifugal Rotaflow $pump^{(R)}$ were used and all cannulations were performed percutaneously via both femoral veins. When the lung function was improved, an attempt was made to wean on ECMO at moderate ventilator settings followed by decannulation. Results: Five of the 7 patients were male and the mean age was $46.3{\pm}18.3$. The causes of acute respiratory failure were 3 cases of pneumonia, 2 near-drownings, 1 pulmonary hemorrhage due to acute hepatic failure and 1 mercury vapor poisoning. The mean support time of ECMO was $17.3{\pm}13.7$ days. Of the 7 patients implanted with ECMO, 5 patients (71%) were weaned off ECMO and 3 patients (43%) survived to hospital discharge after a mean 89.6 hospital days. Conclusion: The early use of ECMO for acute respiratory failure in adults due to any cause is a good therapeutic option for those unresponsive to the optimal conventional treatments.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2010

Bronchobiliary fistula is a rare disorder consisting of an abnormal communication between the bronchial tree and the biliary duct. In Western countries, trauma, postoperative biliary stenosis, and biliary lithiasis are the predominant causative factors of bronchobiliary fistula. Bilioptysis (bile stained sputum) is a pathognomic finding for bronchobiliary fistula. To date, there are just a few reported cases of bronchobiliary fistula after sclerosis of a liver cyst. We describe the case of a 74-year-old woman who developed bronchobiliary fistula after sclerosing therapy of a liver cyst. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of bilioptysis and the chest and dynamic liver CT findings. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics and percutaneous transhepatic catheter drainage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.539-543
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• 2006

We investigated Cd and Pb accumulation levels in tissues of 25 individuals of three species of loons wintering in coastal areas of Busan, Korea. Their liver, muscle, kidney and bone tissues were analyzed for Cd and Pb concentrations. Significant difference of Cd and Pb concentrations was not found among the three species (p>0.05). Individual Cd values ranged from 0.02 to $18.3{\mu}g/g$. Cd concentrations were highest in kidney and lowest in bone. Levels (3.45$\sim$6.34 ${\mu}g/g$) of all the analyzed liver Cd were similar in comparison with those (ND$\sim$7.11${\mu}g/g$) reported for the loons in different areas. All but one (Gavia arctica) of kidney Cd levels were lower than the exposed level (>30 ${\mu}g/g$). Individual Pb values ranged from 0.03 to 1.49 ${\mu}g/g$. Pb concentrations were highest in bone and lowest in muscle. Liver Pb levels in this study were similar to those of normal loons reported from different countries. Based on hepatic Pb levels, almost all of the samples were classified as background level (0.15$\sim$3.0 ${\mu}g/g$).