• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 1992

Gait parameters for the Korean normal adults were compared with sex and age. Time-distance measurements and ground reaction force parameters were studied in relation to walking speed. Regression analysis was performed to establish functional relations between walking speed and various gait parameters. It is found that cardence and stride length varied linearly with walking velocity whereas time of double support was inversely proportional to walking velocity. The amplitude of ground reaction force was increased with increasing velocities of gait due to the greater heel-strike force and toe-off forces associated with these higher velocities. The results of this study can be usefull utilized as basic data to design and evaluate prosthetic devices, and to detect abnormal gait performances.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2004

Purpose: To cover the exposed tendons and bones after trauma and cure the concomitant osteomyelitis in the lower extremities, gracilis muscle free flaps are frequently preferred. 32 cases of gracilis muscle free flap we had done were analysed according to the indications, specification of flap length and width, pedicle length, vessels used in the anastomosis and final healing after at least over 1 year follow up. Materials and methods: From August 1995 through November 2002, we have performed 32 cases of gracilis muscle free flap transplantation with the general microsurgical procedures in the lower extremities. Open fracture of the middle and distal tibia were 12, exposed heel 6, crushing injury in the foot 5 cases, open fracture of the ankle 4, chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia 3 and osteomyelitis of the tarsal bones 2. Tailored flap length were ranged from 16 cm to 4 cm, width were from 5cm to 4cm. Pedicle length averaged around 4 cm. Anastomosis of one artery and two veins in both of donor and recipient were performed in 17 cases and one artery and one vein in 15 cases. Results: All flaps were survived, except 2 cases. Final flap healing was satisfactory to both of the patients and microsurgeon. Conclusion: Gracilis muscle free flaps are frequently chosen to cover the exposed components and cure the osteomyelitis in the lower extremities.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 2013

This study aimed to identify professional climbers'demand for movement functionality in pants worn for rock climbing and ice climbing. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 professional climbers using a semi-constructed questionnaire. The respondents were instructor-level experts whose climbing ability ranged from 5.9 to 5.14 on the Yosemite Decimal System rating scale. The research findings were as follows. Experts wore different climbing pants depending on the type of climbing. For example, they mostly wore high-stretch, second layer pants for rock climbing, while layering first layer, second layer, and third layer pants for ice climbing. There were gender differences regarding the parts of the body in which climbers reported the most discomfort when wearing climbing pants; male climbers most commonly responded 'knees', 'inner thighs' and 'hips' while their female counterparts most commonly responded 'inner thighs', 'exposed back and waist' and 'hips' in that order. Differences were found between rock climbing and ice climbing in terms of wear and tear on pants, preferred fabric properties, and length of pants. Wear and tear was found mainly on the hips and knees of rock climbing pants and on the inner lower hem of ice climbing pants. Listed in the order of preference, the most preferred fabric properties were elasticity, light weight, and durability for rock climbing pants and elasticity, insulation, and protection against water and wind for ice climbing pants. Regarding the length of rock climbing pants, respondents preferred ankle-length pants and cropped pants that did not cover the feet. For ice climbing pants, respondents favored heel-length pants that prevented pieces of ice from entering the clothing. Men showed a high level of preference for ergonomically cut climbing pants. Respondents said the waistband on climbing pants should be simplified so as not to adversely affect climbing maneuvers.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation coefficients between anthropometric parameters of the foot and kinetic variables during running. Method: This study was conducted on 21 healthy young adults (age: $24.8{\pm}2.1yes$, height: $177.2{\pm}5.8cm$, body mass: $73.3{\pm}7.3kg$, foot length: $256.5{\pm}12.3mm$) with normal foot type and heel strike running. To measure the anthropometric parameters, radiographs were taken on the frontal and sagittal planes, and determined the length and width of each segment and the navicular height. Barefoot running was performed at a preferred velocity ($3.0{\pm}0.2m/s$) and a fixed velocity (4.0 m/s) on treadmill (Bertec, USA) in order to measure the kinetic variables. The vertical impact peak force, the vertical active peak force, the braking peak force, the propulsion peak force, the vertical force at mid-stance (vertical ground reaction when the foot is fully landed in mid-stance or at the point where the weight was uniformly distributed on the foot) and the impact loading rate were calculated. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between anthropometric variables and kinetical variables. The significance level was set to ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: At the preferred velocity running, the runner with longer forefoot had lower active force (r=-.448, p=.041) than the runner with short forefoot. At the fixed velocity, as the navicular height increases, the vertical force at full landing moment increases (r= .671, p= .001) and as the rearfoot length increases, the impact loading rate decreases (r=- .469, p= .032). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference in the length of fore-foot and rearfoot, and navicular height. Therefore it was conclude that anthropometric properties need to be considered in the foot study. It was expected that the relationship between anthropometric parameters and kinetical variables of foot during running can be used as scientific criteria and data in various fields including performance, injury and equipment development.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.85-89
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• 2021

Background : Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital medical condition characterized by complex vascular malformation. KTS consists of a classic triad of capillary malformation (hemangioma), venous malformations and bone or soft tissue hypertrophy causing limb asymmetry. The aim of this report is to describe management for gait disturbance and foot pain in a Patient with KTS using custom-made total contact insole. Case presentation : A 32-year-old man with KTS presented with a 3-year history of gait disturbance on hard surface due to right first toe pain and Achilles tendon tightness. The patient had soft tissue hypertrophy, varicose veins and port-wine stains over the right lower limb associated with KTS. True leg length discrepancy was 2 cm. We prescribed custom-made total contact insole to protect his deformed foot and correct leg length discrepancy. The insole of right side included wedge shaped heel lift and the insole of left side included full length lift to add extra support on unaffected side. Also, we provided compression stocking and physiotherapy including manual lymphatic drainage for lymphedema and stretching exercise for tightness in right lower extremity. At 3 years follow-up, postural alignment including pelvic obliquity was improved using a custom-made total contact insole. The degree of scoliosis and foot pain were also reduced. Conclusion : An individualized and multidisciplinary approach is essential regarding the complexity of comorbidities in patients with KTS. For patients with KTS, orthotic management should be considered to prevent and correct deformities related to KTS. Active orthotic management, compression stocking and physiotherapy can enhance the quality of life and function in patients.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.183-195
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• 2009

In this study, foot shapes were compared between the men in their 20's and 60's, with the application of 3-dimensional measurement data, and the classification was established in consideration of each of their features. The results are as follows: 1. The investigation into the differences between the groups for the 3-dimensional measurement items of the men in their 20's and 60's indicated that those in their 20's had larger values than those in the 60's age group for all of the length items, while those in the 60's age group had larger values for all of the angle items. 2. The analysis of the constituting factors for the feet of those in their 60's and 20's resulted in the 7 items for the 20's age group and 8 items for those in the 60's age group. 3. The comparison of foot classifications for the 60's age group and 20's age group presented 3 types each for both groups, but the features of each type was different. To examine each characteristic by each type and age group, following can be determined of the 60's age group. Type 1 had a thick instep, high malleolus position and heel and a thick formed ankle. Type 2 the entire foot was small, and the big toe was formed in such a way that it tened to bend toward the inside. When the whole size compared with similar Type 1, Type 3 had a low instep, a low heel, the big toe did not bend and ankle form was thin. The following can be determined of the 20's age group. Type 1 had narrow width a thin ankle and the big toe was formed in such a way that it bended toward the inside. Compared with length, Type 2 had wide width and a thick ankle. Type 3 had a larger overall size, thick instep and wide and the toe was big, but the characteristic of inside and outside of a malleolus position was low and the big toe's form showed no tendencies to bend.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1221-1234
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to suggest the methodology for the computation of uplift pressure and discharge of the seepage flow under gravity dam. A 3-dimensional FDM model is developed for this purpose and this model can simulate the saturated Darcian flow in heterogeneous media. For the verification of the numeric model, test simulation has been executed and the mass balance has been checked. The error does not exceed 3%. Using the developed model, The uplift pressure and seepage flow discharge under gravity dam has been calculated. The uplift pressure shows the similar pattern, comparing with the result of flow-net method. As the length of grout curtain increases, the uplift pressure decreases linearly, but the seepage flow discharge shows the non-linear decreasing pattern. The coefficients of the formulas in the dam-design criteria have been analysed, and ${\alpha}=1/3$ corresponds to the value when the length of curtain grout is 70% of the aquifer height. The uplift pressure near the pressure relief drain has the big curvature vertically and horizontally. The developed model in this study can be used for the evaluation of the effects of seepage flow under gravity dam.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.226-231
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and radiographic results of open reduction and internal fixation for intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 20 cases of calcaneal fractures managed with open reduction and internal fixation from March 2003 to January 2005. We used the computed tomographic classification system proposed by Sanders et al to classify these fractures. Preoperative and postoperative Bohler's angle, heel height (calcaneal facet height) and calcaneal length, calcaneal width were measured. The Creighton-Nebraska Health Foundation Assessment score was used for clinical evaluation. Results: There were 12 cases of type II fractures, 5 of type III fractures and 3 of type IV fractures. The mean clinical score was 84.3 for type II, 82.6 for type III and 56.1 for type IV. The mean preoperative $B{\ddot{o}}hler$ angle was $6.1^{\circ}$ and final was $22.8^{\circ}$. The mean preoperative calcaneal facet height was 76.6 mm and final was 80.3 mm (The mean calcaneal facet height was changed from preop 76.6 mm to postop 80.3 mm). The mean preoperative calcaneal length was 88.2 mm and final was 92.6 mm. The mean preoperative width was 38.1 mm and final was 35.6 mm. Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation showed good results for type II and III fractures, but for type IV fractures the clinical result was significantly worse than the other types. However, type IV fractures still had restoration of (should be restored in) $B{\ddot{o}}hler's$ angle, calcaneal facet height, calcaneal length and width which may be helpful in later subtalar fusion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.131-138
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• 2018

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare the muscle activity of the proximal muscles of the lower limb according to the distance between the front and rear foot during lunge and to determine the most effective foot position for activation of the proximal muscle in the limb. METHODS: A total of 49 young adults were enrolled in this study. All subjects performed lunge by positioning the big toe of the back foot and the heel of the front foot at intervals of 40%, 60%, and 80% of the subject's own leg length. Muscle activity of the vastus medialis oblique, rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis oblique (VLO), gluteus medius, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus (ST) was then measured during three intervals of lunge operation. Each operation was measured three times for 10 seconds each, after which the average value was calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: There were significant differences in muscle activities of RF, VLO, and ST among the three intervals of the foot (p<.05). Post hoc, comparisons revealed lunge at 40% intervals resulted in higher RF and VLO activity than at 60% and 80% intervals (p<.05). In the semitendinosus muscle, 80% leg length intervals showed higher muscle activity than 40% (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Strengthening of the proximal muscles of the lower extremities during lunge exercise is considered to be most effective when placing the fore- and rear foot at intervals corresponding to 40% of the leg length.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.659-667
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• 2011

The study of bipedal robot is towards similar shape and function with human. In this paper, we propose a human-like walking pattern compatible to the flexible foot with toe and heel structure. The new walking pattern for a bipedal robot consists of ZMP, center of mass (CoM), and ankle trajectory and is drawn by considering human kinesiology. First, the ZMP trajectory moves forward without stopping at a point even in the single support phase. The corresponding CoM trajectory to the ZMP one is derived by solving differential equations. As well, a CoM trajectory for the vertical axis is added by following the idea of human motion. The ankle trajectory closely mimics the rotational motion of human ankles during taking off and landing on the ground. The advantages of the proposed walking pattern are demonstrated by showing improved stability, decreased ankle torque, and the longer step length capability. Specifically, it is interesting to know that the vertical CoM motion is able to compensate for the initial transient response.