• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1869-1878
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• 2001

Experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of pulsations on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an axisymmetric impinging jet on a flat plate heated by using a gold coated aim. Vertex motion in the impinging jet is visualized using a fog generator, and a thermochromatic liquid crystal (TLC) technique is used to measure the time averaged local temperature distributions on the impingement plate. In addition, the quantitative data for mean velocity and turbulence intensity are obtained employing hot-wire anemometer. Parameters such as pulsating frequency (f = 0, 10 and 20 Hz) and the nozzle-to-palate spacing (H/D = 2, 10) are considered at the jet Reynolds number of 20,000. Consequently, the significant changes of flow structure and local Nusselt number distribution due to pulsations are observed. In the case of H/D = 2, the enhanced heat transfer coefficient exceeding 30 % is observed at the stagnation point. At the high H/D, heat transfer rate increases with pulsation frequency.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.775-782
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• 2012

수직으로 설치된 하부폐쇄 환상공간 내부의 풀비등 열전달 메카니즘을 알기 위하여 환상공간의 튜브 길이를 0.3m와 0.6m 사이에서 변경하였다. 실험을 위해 0.2m의 가열 길이를 갖는 직경 19.1mm인 스테인리스강 튜브와 대기압 상태 하에 있는 물을 사용하였다. 외부 튜브 길이가 열전달에 미치는 영향을 분명하게 살펴보기 위해 환상공간에 대한 결과를 환상공간이 없는 단일튜브에 대한 결과와 서로 비교하였다. 동일 열유속에서 외부튜브 길이의 증가는 틈새간격이 3.5mm인 경우에는 열전달계수의 증가하지만 틈새간격이 15.5mm인 경우에는 열전달계수가 감소하였다. 이러한 경향의 주된 원인은 액체교란의 차이로서 설명된다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.16-26
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• 1985

Post weld heat treatment(PWHT), at more than 600.deg. C, is essential to remove residual stress and hydrogen in weld HAZ and improve fatigue characteristics. However, residual stress during PWHT is responsible for PWHT embitterment and it promotes precipitation of impurities to grain boundary. In this paper, the effect of stress simulated residual stress on fatigue failure was evaluated by fatigue test, microhardness test and fractograph. The obtained results are summarized as follows; (1) The fatigue crack growth rate(da/dN) of parent and heat treated parent was affected by microstructure due to heat treatment and it depended on stress intensity factor (.DELTA.k). (2) The fatigue strength of weld HAZ was dependent on applied stress during PWHT and da/dN after PWHT was slower than as-weld. (3) Softening amount of weld HAZ was bigger than any other due to PWHT. Hardness value of weld HAZ was affected by heat treatment under the applied stress of 10 $kgf/mm^2$, but beyond 20 $kgf/mm^2$ it was increased by the applied stress rather than heat treatment. (4) Beyond the applied stress of 20 $kgf/mm^2$ during PWHT, intergranular fracture surface was observed and its amount was increased with applied stress during PWHT. (5) Effect of applied stress during PWHT on aspect of fracture surface was larger rather than that on fatigue crack growth behavior.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2008

The heat/mass transfer characteristics on the plane tip surface of a high-turning first-stage turbine rotor blade has been investigated by employing the naphthalene sublimation technique. At the Reynolds number of $2.09{\times}10^5$, heat/mass transfer coefficients are measured for the tip gap height-to-chord ratio, h/c, of 2.0% at turbulence levels of Tu = 0.3 and 14.7%. A tip-surface flow visualization is also performed for h/c = 2.0% at Tu = 0.3%. The results show that there exists a strong flow separation/re-attachment process, which results in severe local thermal load along the pressure-side corner, and a pair of vortices named "tip gap vortices" in this study is identified along the pressure and suction-side tip corners near the leading edge. The loci and subsequent development of the pressure- and suction-side tip gap vortices are discussed in detail. The combustor-level high inlet turbulence, which increases the tip-surface heat/mass transfer, provides more uniform thermal-load distribution.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.543-548
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• 1998

We examined the immunological properties of the recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (r-HBsAg) which was expressed in mammalian cell (C127). The cross-immunity of r-HBsAg and plasma-derived hepatitis B surface antigen (p-HBsAg) were tested using Western blotting and ELISA with guinea pig polyclonal antibody and naturally infected human-derived antibody and the both antigens show the same results in their response pattern and intensity, which indicate they have a good cross-immunity. from the measurement of $ED_{50}$ after formalin- or heat-inactivation, both r-HBsAg and p-HBsAg and p-HBsAg showed $ED_{50}$ of 0.2-0.3 in formalin-inactivaton, while r-HBsAg was 0.05-0.09 and p-HBsAg was 0.03-0.07 in heat-inactivation, which means heat-inactivation method is 3-4 times superior in immunogenicity. In the immunopersistency test performed in guinea pig for the period of 3 months with two different adjuvants, antibody titer was 34.2 with muramyl dipeptide adjuvant, which was 1.8 times greater than the antibody titer of 18.9 with $AIPO_{4}$ adjuvant. the mutagenicity of r-HBsAg has the same cross-immunity with p-HBsAg, and heat-inactivation method and muramyl dipeptide adjuvant allow development of r-HBsAg vaccine with excellent immunogenicity.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.464-470
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• 1992

In the present study, the effects of Al/SiC interface reaction and the formation of $Al_4C_3$ compounds on the mechanical properties of the Al/SiC composites prepared by squeeze casting were investigated. After squeeze casting, the size of dendrites in Al without whiskers were larger than those with whiskers. The hardness of composite materials (about 72 Hv) was found to be approximating 40% higher than that of matrix metal (29Hv), which gradually increases which heat treatment Time showing maximum hardness at 12hr. The observation of increasing number of compounds in 12hrs heat treatment suggests that these compounds are responsible for the increase of hardness. By X-ray diffraction studies, those compounds were identified as $Al_4C_3$, (Al, Si). And intensity of Si peak increased. The tensile strengh of composite materials was gradually decresed by heat tretment, which was in contrast to the behavior of hardeness. With incresing heat tretment time, the fracture mode of composite materials was changed from large dimples and pull-out form of fiber to the fracture and rupture foum of fiber.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2014

In this paper, the effect of unsteady radiation on the horizontal fin of an external fuel tank by flame of a flying flare was analysed to see the temperature increase of the fin and the thermal impact on the fin. Radiation between two surfaces was calculated using the concept of radiation resistance of surface and space including radiation, irradiation and shape factor for two flying trajectories of a flare, maximum temperature of 2200 K, emissivity of 0.95, flying velocity of 30 m/s, and thermal surface area of $0.01m^2$. The result shows that the temperature increase of the fin is 0.236 K, and the thermal effect on the fin is ignorable. And it was found that temperature is increased a little because small amount of heat energy can be radiated due to the short exposure time to the heat source.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1347-1357
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• 2005

Effects of combustor-level high free-stream turbulence on the blade-surface heat/mass transfer have been investigated in the three-dimensional flow region near the endwall within a high-turning turbine rotor cascade passage. Free-stream turbulence intensity and integral length scale in the high turbulence case are 14.7 percents and 80 mm, respectively. The result shows that there is no considerable discrepancy in the blade heat/mass transfer near the endwall between the low and high turbulence cases. As departing from the endwall, however, the deviation between the two cases becomes larger, particularly in the region where flow separation and re-attachment occur. Under the high turbulence, flow disturbances such as boundary-layer separation and re-attachment seem to be suppressed, which makes the blade heat/mass transfer more uniform. Moreover, there are some evidences that endwall vortices tend to be weakened under the high turbulence.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2007

Interests on renewable energy are increased due to oil price and environmental problems aroused from the fossil energy usage. In this study, performances of a solar assisted hybrid heat pump system are analyzed by experimental method. The developed system could runs at two types of operating mode. When the storage temperature is higher than the set temperature, the stored hot water in storage tank is supplied to the load directly. On the other hand, when the storage temperature lower than the set temperature, the water inside of the storage tank is used as heat source of the heat pump. In this study, the system control temperature for the alternation of the operating mode is set to $40^{\circ}C$ of the storage tank outlet. As results, it is founded that the COP of the developed heat pump system shows between 3.0 and 3.5. It is resonable performance for the heating system with a renewable energy as secondary heat source. The solar collect used in this study could supplies heat to the storage tank at over 400 W/m2 solar intensity. If the irradiation is lower than the 400 W/m2, the circulation pump stored and it could not supply heat to the storage tank. It is found that the difference temperature between the outlet of the storage tank and collector is $3^{\circ}C$. Even though, the extended study should be conducted to get a optimum performance of the developed system with various operating condition and control strategies.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.32-40
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• 1997

무제트초기의 불안정성이 하류에서의 와류성장에 영향을 끼치기 때문에 와류의 조절에 의한 충돌면에의 유동 및 열전달 효과의 변화를 기대할 수 있게 된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 FFT를 이용하므로써 제트의 와류생성과 병합의 주파수 특성을 연구하고 이에 적절한 주파수로 와류를 여기하여 자유제트의 유동특성 변화와 충돌제트의 유동 및 열전달 특성을 고찰하였다. 음향여기를 하게되면 제트주위의 와류형성을 조절할 수 있게 되는데, 자연적으로 형성되는 와류의 주파수(와류의 고유주파수)와 관련하여 여기해준 주파수성분 자체보다는 여기주파수의 부조화성분이 중요한 역할을 하게 된다. 음향여기를 통해 와류의 병합이 촉진되면 중심부에서의 난류강도가 증가하게 되고 억제하면 난류강도는 감소하게 된다. 따라서 와류병합을 촉진하면 가까운 거리에서는 높은 난류강도로 인해 정체점에서의 열전달이 증가하지만 멀어질수록 포텐션코어길이의 감소로 오히려 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 이와 반대로 와류병합을 억제하면 중심부에서의 낮은 난류강도로 가까운 거리에서는 열전달이 감소하였으나 포텐셜코어길이가 길어지면서 먼거리에서는 열전달에 효과적이었다.